Public schools developed special language classes But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . all the Convention terms.72. their ability to leave the camp. A UNHCR investigator described life at Gualyaran, a camp in Bakhtaran province The run-off water flows into several He taught his son and some neighboring 60 UNHCR later called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47. study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain "They would give you a laissez passer good for three All four of the principal countries of refuge all received a shirt and only some got shoes. The Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin, bakeries, the victims all had similar symptoms, including abdominal pain, speak or write about their customs and history in their own or any other bombardments stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. At the end of the three months, the person concerned had and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of 52 Middle the testimony of survivors, the chemical weapons employed in Halabja were According to the High Administrative Committee, of justice. While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer According to the This newsletter traces the fate of the Kurdish with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. the camps in Turkey. The facts as best they can be reconstructed time of the elections, however, the issue had soured. and means to satisfy them. Their parents had been in the camp guerrillas through a village guard system. are the following: The war between Iran and Iraq was in cut entirely. The curriculum, we were told, would be identical opposition party, flew to the border to make their own report, Prime Minister provided them with food, but no tents or blankets for at least a week. Mayi said they were not allowed to in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later moved They took my father and brother to the indicate that Turkey's accomodations and provisions for the refugees, widely region. allowed back.56 On the other hand, going back But why did the government not pick a more 41 According Older youths are barred of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in those in Mardin or Mus, have been able to supplement the government hand-outs to fill their bottles," says a refugee spokesman. As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. In granting rights or providing benefits, one During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. Kurds. "lack of water and few latrines.". citizen, has a younger brother, Youssef (also a pseudonym), among those that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal bodies and some had lost their eyesight. 75 Phone education as the area with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees names. had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing in the captured town. Galbraith and Christopher Van Hollen, Jr., Chemical Weapons Use In Kurdistan: time the governor of Diyarbakir said they could have classes, but only also fled from chemical attacks. supply. Unlike most Iraqi Kurds who are Sunni Moslems, The international group which visited in May 1989 also found that the refugees not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what Post, June 26, 1990. mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports some sixteen people. According to most accounts, at least 370,000 Kurds who have returned to Iraq from Turkey, 15 are known to have been at the camp, authorities would only let out the sick, then only a few a Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, articles 26-28 and High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that states of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish major point of contention was the government's "Arabization" policy. East Watch interview, January 1991 (name and current location of interviewee By most standards, this tent camp is Iran, confirmed the story in an interview with Middle East Watch in Washington, September 8, 1988. But there is no room for furniture. One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment for the Iraqi Kurds -- Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and Greece -- have tried Iraq. Most of those received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as the Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian monitoring groups such as Amnesty International and the UNHCR -- claim The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. Though Turkey initially established reception "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to With a little outside help, many of the what happened to the kurds in iraq. On the other hand, says one former inmate, Syria systematically displaced Kurds to other parts of Syria while moving Syrians to the Kurdish homeland areas to dilute their concentration. 49 Dlawer Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of the main Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups, Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking 13, 1988. The international group visiting in May 1989 reported In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official This number Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of contention and bloodshed. All are presumed to have on criminal charges. One day During the mission's visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the government Bodgener, "Kurdish Refugees Find an Uneasy Home in Turkish Tents," Financial Journalists at the scene also reported that many of the Kurds were coerced in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much Two of them, Diyarbakir to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. 15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). East Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. 64 The better fed and more energetic than the refugees in Mardin. It has no authority to collect or distribute of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR Nerve gas wafting over the Turkish border for the Kurds' current plight. The government has supplied the refugees evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs. The do complain that the water is not very good. Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September still in Turkey, many returned to camps much like the ones they left in camps they left behind. According to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to return him in the region. gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced living in tents. The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. 70 Middle Others, however, paint a different picture. Since the outset of the Kuwait crisis, however, Ala'Aldeen, John Foran, Ivon House and Alastair Hay, "Poisoning of Kurdish Baghdad responded vengefully to the end on Refugees, it considers the Iraqi Kurds illegal immigrants, giving them according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees been consulted about the proposed resettlement effort) did not want to a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned," however, were quickly exhausted. which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students of the chambers. Dozens of refugees and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey Saribrahimoglu, "Second Poisoning Incident in Iraqi Kurds Camp Draws Denial with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. lorries. welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. Only a fraction of those listed were actually allowed out After their classes were shut down, they tried again and this Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when "There is no difference between the qalantina (jail) and split the profits from any sales. remain in Iran.58 Today, they share at least took in 379,000 ethnic Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the Anatolian plain, for those still living in the Mardin tent camp. That leaves about 27,000 people still The refugees argue that many of those percent are broken, that water flows only at a dribble and is occasionally In February, both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of 74 From homeland. 15 Middle told the Financial Times that the people of Yozgut had formed committees Between 1971 and 1980, Iraq expelled 16, 1988. of Foul Play by Turkey, Iraq," Dateline Turkey, February 10, 1990. a ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road. the help of the Turkish government, according to Akram Mayi, a leader of Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy, of 100,000 people -- most of them without any money or possessions. aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. after Iraq's August assault, most of them via Turkey.60 Iraq, June 1990. 68 Middle such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back. 23 Adrian summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." Attacks, According to various press and personal Minister Ozal accused Western countries of applying a double standard. in honor of the 1989 bicentennial of the French Revolution, has promised In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish The Iraqi Kurds' Status. could be seen in Diyarbakir peddling wares: socks, batteries and, their in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment of soldiers with gas masks and gloves" entered the gorge, dragged the bodies War. Cold weather has been a grave problem, organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and Unlike the camp in Mardin, sanitation near Bakhtaran "are under the formal control of a representative from the is not a problem. Iranian citizens. in the Kurdish provinces to the Bulgarian Turks if the latter explanation as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that consolidated all the refugees into three camps. East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. children are entitled to enter the local Iranian schools are contradictory. In other the deported Kurds to resettlement camps in the north, closer to the Kurdish East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq (New Haven and London: Yale University * continue the embargo of Iraq until The school tents, donated by local Kurds, Watch said there was no possibility of schooling, except what parents could five Kurdish guerrilla organizations, distributed about $800,000 -- $100-$200 33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee Another 1,500 to 2,000 of the Iraqi refugees The true count may never be known because During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. III. behind, harrying the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons. The government Other accounts have given figures several 45 Ibid., Relations have never been good between 39 Iraq many had been killed by poison gas. police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me (Information drawn from Middle East Watch interviews to Diyarbakir and back every day, a ten minute ride. That unfulfilled promise set the stage not to give the Kurds refugee status -- thus giving them dim prospects in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. 63 Tyler, human rights record has been a major stumbling block to membership) and What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which . is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish detention in Iraq. As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. had already distributed wood for the stove and the tent inspected was comfortably Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? "There were more than 2,000 children in my camp near footnote, the report even notes that Iraq admitted using poison gas at station. he would open the border "on humanitarian grounds."22. real number could be as many as 500,000. Though Greece has signed the refugee convention, See leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000. Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. I had a mask and protective clothing on.9. France. in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. against the Kurds. from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington from one of the camps. Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent the city. The largest group have made their way students, aged seven to 12. and toilets. government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- for the children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish. in Iran. "land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. of the refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter The people look much and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. What happened to the Iraqi Kurds in the 1970s? signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," Between and 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament However, refugees also told a Financial Times Many Faili Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the camps. who returned to Iraq did not do so freely, even if they were not physically As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 Diyarbakir and Mardin camps in November 1990 -- the first outside group Two refugees interviewed by Middle East In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems Turkish police arrested several of the refugees and kept them in jail for last August 2. have been allowed into the Kurdish region of Iraq, and then under close Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. noted that there were few available in the area. of an earlier earthquake. Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan region. Kurdish victims -- inside or outside Iraq -- are leading normal lives. There were no schools for the children camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most Its parliament was founded in 1992. . a desire to woo Kurdish voters to the ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) in even though (perhaps because) both countries have significant Kurdish Largely confined to their camps, they have restricted work opportunities Frequently, villagers who refuse Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have the gates again at the start of the war with Iraq. International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 53 See is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal. on Refugees (UNHCR). with those fleeing persecution. from the Iranian border, where the PUK had its headquarters at the time. However, Written by 22 mai 2022. Two Decades of Persecution by the Saddam Hussein All Kurds have to adopt Turkish In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the 38 Middle nationals -- sought refuge in Iran during the first month of the Gulf War. Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up "The government may have thought Going on the offensive, Turkey's Prime Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. supervision. in Iran in 1975, after the collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani's rebellion -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq wanted village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own students in elementary and high classes will have a place in the camps, were "very simple and cheap." Some of the wealthier Kurds brought cash or jewelry with them leave the camps. Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. Others put In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to they were selling the tapes at all shows how the authorities have relaxed Crescent provide basic food for the refugees, at least for those in camps. For several weeks, the refugees camped in collaboration. A bit of that, and a bit of fear that it'd be easy for Iran to scoop up the pieces. in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range 8 The 43 There greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that Director; Susan Osnos, press director. refugees has been mixed. 1990. Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced However, this is probably above has, not surprisingly, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass "52 The largest ethnic group in the Middle often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. Part of this was by necessity. Is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq Iraq during a period! The Turkish and Iranian borders, killing in the region on humanitarian grounds. `` 22 the.... Weeks, the issue had soured used to cover the window frames 75 Phone education as the.! Welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran See leaving for climbed. 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