In one incident a distraught officer rushed to report, "Captain, we've just dropped a depth charge over the stern!" Maintaining a position offshore, the Fifth Fleet's ships were subjected to relentless kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. D. Suburban America, 100 POINTS! Admiral Chester W. Nimitz,, Commander in Chief, Pacific, (right) and, Admiral Raymond Spruance, Commander, Central Pacific Force, (center) Tour Kwajalein Island, Marshalls, February 5,1944, following its capture. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. It was June 4, Admiral Raymond A. Spruance and Admira Fletcher had to engage four Japanese ships in the Battle of Midway. The victory at Midway, meanwhile, was a tonic for American morale, which had not yet recovered from the disastrous December 7, 1941, raid on Pearl Harbor. The Battle of Midway infused the U.S. Pacific Navy with confidence. Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. [11] Although Spruance was proven as a cruiser division commander, he had no experience handling carrier-air combat; Halsey reassured Nimitz, and he told Spruance and Fletcher to rely on their newly inherited staff, particularly Captain Miles Browning, a battle-proven expert in carrier warfare. He's one of the finest officers I know of. [3] After the war, Spruance was appointed President of the Naval War College, and later served as American ambassador to the Philippines. Two years later, Spruance again received orders for the Naval War College and taught on the staff until April 1938. The defeat effectively destroyed the Japanese Navy's air arm. He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea. In June 1942 the United States and Japan fought for control of Midway Island in the South Pacific. A. Desegregation of Society 1155 (August 1946): 144-157. His squadron successfully ambushed and sank 3 Japanese Aircraft Carriers, Lieutenant in command of the USS Hornet air group. For more great articles subscribe to World War II magazine today! In this position, he traveled to London and Edinburgh. Adding to the surprise factor was the fact that Admirals Yamamoto and Nagumo did not believe the U.S. Pacific Fleet was at sea. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. Spruance was about to face the sternest test in his long, distinguished career. 7 reviews. . He served as an instructor at the Naval War College from 1935 to 1938. Spruance was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, and in May 1943 he was promoted to vice admiral. The correct answer to this open question is the following. Spruance began World War II as a gunship admiral, commanding a division of . Weeks later . My personal congratulations. The defenders fought fiercely but were unable to inflict any damage on the U.S. vessels. When Vice Adm. Bull Halsey was confined to a hospital with a skin disease, Pacific Fleet Commander Nimitz appointed Spruance to succeed him as commander of Task Force 16. During the third week of May 1942, U.S. naval intelligence units confirmed that the Japanese wouldby early Juneinvade Midway Island. Spruance rewarded his trust by playing a decisive role in the US victory at the Battle Of Midway. Spruance was a dedicated sailorthorough in his absorption of all aspects of training and techniques. Japanese submarine I-168 torpedoes and torpedoes a damaged US aircraft carrier and its escorting destroyer. They would draw them north to deal with a Japanese invasion in the bleak Aleutian Islands, and then strike at unprotected Midway. [32] Wouk writes in his book that "Spruance escaped [the Japanese fleet admiral] Yamamoto's terrible trap by acting on perfect military instinct. The Navy, by law, was limited to four Fleet Admirals; three of these appointments were obvious: Ernest King, Chester Nimitz and William Leahy. This article was written by Michael D. Hull and originally appeared in the May 1998 issue of World War II magazine. From 1952 to 1955 Spruance served as the American ambassador to Philippines. Yamamoto himself was based on the battleship Yamato, which is the largest warship built to date. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. After another three-year tour at the Naval War College, Spruance was again ordered to sea aboard Mississippi. Landing troops on Saipan on June 15, he defeated Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa at the Battle of the Philippine Sea a few days later. Retiring to Pebble Beach, CA, he died there on December 13, 1969. His steady rise, according to Newsweek magazine, has borne the imprint of his personalityunobtrusive but undeviating. Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 3, 1886, to Alexander and Annie Hiss Spruance. Biblical essay :)God made great use of Paul's education in Tarsus and his training as a Pharisee under Gamaliel. He commanded the battleship USS Mississippi from April 1938 to December 1939, when he was promoted to rear admiral. Spruance became Commander of the 5th Fleet in November 1943, which presented him with command of the Central Pacific Forces. Fletcher quickly ordered his dive bombers to strike, which fatally damaged the fourth Japanese carrier; it was scuttled the next day. Spruance's seagoing career included command of the destroyers Bainbridge from March 1913 to May 1914, Osborne, three other destroyers, and the battleship Mississippi. His next assignment was command of the destroyer Aaron Ward, and then USS Perceval. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. D. The Pope lived in Constantinople. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. In fact, Spruance had a knack for getting along with difficult people, including his friend Admiral Kelly Turner, the hotheaded commander of 5th Fleet's amphibious force. If this happened, it would enable the Japanese to pinch the Americans between their two carrier forces. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary fleet commanders, the other being Admiral William "Bull" Halsey, employed by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. He is responsible for the Japanese battle plan to attack Midway and the Aleutian Islands. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. In the opening weeks of the conflict, Spruance's cruisers served under Vice Admiral William "Bull" Halsey and took part in raids against the Gilbert and Marshall Islands before striking Wake Island. In the footnote Morison says, Admiral Spruance, in commenting on the first draft of this volume, requested that I delete victor at and substitute who commanded a carrier task force at, butI have let it stand. He readied himself at Stevens Preparatory School in Hoboken, N.J., and entered Annapolis in July 1903 at age 17. He graduated from the U.S. Admiral Spruance died on 13 December 1969, at his home in Pebble Beach , California. However a second strike from Hiry would fatally cripple Fletcher's flagship, Yorktown and as a result, Fletcher passed command to Spruance, who would command the mop up phase of the battle. Write down what your favorite food is and why to get 50 points :), Select TWO facts about the relationship between Constantinople and Christianity. So the US navy had a good idea of what to expect from the Japanese fleet and how to counterattack it. [7], Spruance ran a quiet bridge, without chit-chat; he demanded that orders be given concisely and clearly. To the Aleutians, the Japanese dispatched an invasion task force of three transports carrying 2,400 troops, supported by two heavy cruisers, a two-carrier support force and a covering group of four battleships. With the island's fall, Spruance immediately moved forward with Operation Iceberg. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. The slow-moving Devastators were easy targets for the Japanese gunners and Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero fighters, and all 15 were shot down. Yamato class battleship that served as the Japanese Combined Fleet's Flagship, housing Admiral Yamamoto. Morison said: Keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening, Raymond A. Spruance emerged from this battle one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history.He was bold and aggressive when the occasion demanded offensive tactics; cautious when pushing his luck too far might have lost the fruits of victory. There are submarines, there are mini-submarines, and then there are human torpedoes. Despite this, some detractors argued that Spruances tactics at Philippine Sea were overly cautious. Shortly before leaving the Naval War College and retiring from the Navy on July 1, 1948, Admiral Spruance received a letter of commendation from the secretary of the Navy that read: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. Unites States Rear Admiral in command of Task Force 16 on the USS Enterprise. He was dragged out of his flagship Akagi before it sank against his will. The repulse of the Japanese invasion fleet at Midway, and critically the destruction of the Kido Butai, allowed the U.S. to gain parity in the naval air war. King said to him "Spruance, you did a damn fine job there. Before Midway, a small and fractional U.S. Navy faced an overwhelmingly larger and battle-hardened Japanese Combined Fleet. edward dean spruancegarberiel battery charger manual 26th February 2023 / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral in World War II. After further schooling at the Stevens Preparatory School in New Jersey, Spruance applied to and was accepted by the US Naval Academy in 1903. At Midway, Spruances force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. erful leader. In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. With World War I raging, he became Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Navy Yard. His achievements were well-known, but the man himself was a mystery. Early on, Halsey had led his task force on hit-and-run raids against the Japanese in the western Pacific: striking the Gilbert and Marshall islands in February 1942, Wake Island in March, and projecting the air power of the Doolittle Raid against the Japanese homeland in April. Japanese Admiral and a pioneer in aircraft carrier warfare. Four days after the invasion, all immediate objectives had been taken, and by February 8, 1944, all organized resistance had ceased. . It was the only aircraft carrier in the presence of Midway Island to survive the dive bomber attack and launched two and a half waves of planes against the United States Navy. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. At that moment 37 Douglas Dauntless bombers from the USS Enterprise peeled off into a dive attack on two . [citation needed]. He died on 13 December 1969 at the age of 83. At 10.26am on 4 June 1942 the course of World War Two in the Pacific changed utterly. He was the grandfather of legendary theatre director Anne Bogart. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. But the American commander, who could be daring and resourceful when necessary, could also exhibit shrewd caution when his experienced mind sensed an ambush. He studied hard, and when he graduated in September 1906, he stood 26th in his class. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Spruance for promotion to full admiral on February 10, 1944, and he was approved. When you moved into Admiral Spruance's command, the printed instructions were up to date, and you did things in accordance with them.[19]. That December he was elevated to rear admiral, and in February 1940 he was placed in command of the 10th Naval District (Caribbean), with his headquarters in San Juan, Puerto Rico. In October 1946 he was awarded the Armys Distinguished Service Medal for his exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services during the capture of the Marshall and Mariana islands. It Didnt End Well. He has appeared on The History Channel as a featured expert. Ambassador to the Philippines in 1952-55. A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. When Nimitz named him commander of the disputed Central Pacific Area, this made him responsible for the planning and execution of the attack on the Gilbert Islands in November 1943. Japanese aircraft carrier attached to the Main Body of the fleet and saw close to no action. After working to defend neutral American shipping from German U-boats, Spruance received orders to take over Cruiser Division Five in September 1941. During WWII Italian Commandos Were Tasked to Ride Torpedoes. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, April 1955 . It would become on of the last aircraft carriers to be sunk in a war in all of history during the battle of Leyte Gulf 2-3 years later. Web. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. He lived quietly at Pebble Beach until December 13, 1969, when he died of arteriosclerosis at the age of 83. Lt. Kabayashi leads Japanese bombers from the Hiryu to attack the USS Yorktown. These raids were critical to moralesetting a new tone of aggressiveness by U.S. commanders while providing invaluable battle experience for the commanders and sailors of the U.S. Moving into position near Midway, Spruance's force was later joined by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher's TF 17 which included the carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5). This time we were right because the enemy did what we expected him to do. The Saipan campaign began with air attacks on June 10, 1944. By that time, he was said to be an expert on the many engines, instruments and guns that go into a battleship. The Navy honored Spruance by giving his name to a new class of 30 destroyers, the first of which, USS Spruance, was launched in 1973. On December 30, 1914, Spruance married Margaret Vance Dean, the daughter of an Indianapolis businessman. While both Fletcher and Spruance were rear admirals, Fletcher was senior and nominally in overall command. However, his actions were both praised and understood by the main persons ordering and directly involved in the battle. She went down with Admiral Yamaguchi, an outstanding flag officer who, it was said, would have been Yamamotos successor had he lived. Privacy Policy, Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during. Then it was back to Pebble Beach. https://www.historynet.com/admiral-raymond-a-spruance-modest-victor-of-midway/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, How Operation Homecoming Was Sprung into Action to Repatriate American POWs. "Well, pick it up and put it back," was Spruance's measured response.[8]. This was in July 1938, and this time he was the battleships commander. The Battle of Midway was the first major victory for the United States over Japan and is seen by many as . Spruance received the Navy Cross for his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa.[23]. Aboard the Japanese flattops, many torpedo-carrying planes were waiting for fighters to take off as the American planes dived. Admiral Yamaguchi and the Hiryu's captain decide to stay aboard the ship. One exception was Admiral John Towers, a constant critic of Spruance, whom Spruance came to despise for his naked ambition.[18]. Japanese naval force tasked with the invasion of the Aleutian Islands under Vice Admiral Kakuta with aircraft carriers Junyo and Ryuho. Born on 3 July 1886, Spruance graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1906. It was spotted by scouts from the USS Hornet and destroyed by planes from the Enterprise. Raised in Indianapolis, IN, he attended school locally and graduated from Shortridge High School. The U.S. casualties were 199 planes, 128 flight personnel and damage to four warships. US Navy SBD dive bombers at the Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942. the prospects for its inclusion in doctrine The logical starting point is Admiral Chester Nimitz's famous "letter of instruction" (actually, of course, transmitted . [30] He is shown to be at loggerheads with his staff on numerous occasions and corrected by them once. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, How does Admiral Spruance explain the U.S. victory, The Brown case began what trend in American He was then ordered to the China station, with sea duty aboard the battleship Connecticut and the cruiser Cincinnati. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. Samuel Eliot Morison agreed: Power of decision and coolness in action were perhaps Spruances leading characteristics. Spruance also held several engineering . He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. He disliked personal publicity and had a reputation for freezing reporters who invaded his privacy. Commanding the battleship for nearly two years, Spruance was aboard when World War II began in Europe. The carriers were on station on June 2, and the following day Japanese transport ships were spotted 600 miles west of Midway Island. His air group is credited with the sinking of 4 Japanese aircraft carriers during Midway. ThoughtCo. Most of Nagumo's attack planes had just returned from the first strike on Midway and were immobilized on the carrier hangers, while his combat air patrol cover planes were engaged with battling torpedo bombers from Hornet. Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, is named Spruance Hall. Some people asked why he did not take take advantage of the chaotic scene to attack all of Japans air carriers. Yorktown and Task Force 17 were under the command of Rear Adm. Frank Jack Fletcher. The two admirals presented a contrast in styles as Spruance tended to be quiet and meticulous while Halsey was brash and more impetuous. He was modest and candid about himself. His tour of sea duty ended in 1921, and he spent the next three years with the Navy Departments Bureau of Engineering and the Doctrine of Aircraft board. But several hours laternear the end of daylight hoursa U.S. scout plane located Hiry again. Things did not look hopeful for Spruance and his force on the eve of Midway. Carrier units of his force penetrated waters of the Japanese homeland and Nansei Shoto. [17], The Battle of Midway is considered by many to be a turning point of the war in the Pacific, along with the Guadalcanal campaign. >The fleet units shielding the Marianas invasion forces were also under Spruances command. Was the site of a naval battle between the United States and Japan in 1942. Flagship of Task Force 16 under the command of Raymond Spruance. Since US intelligence had reported the possibility that the Kido Butai would be operating in two separate task forces, that meant that Fletcher only knew the location of half of the carrier force. The Turning Point in the Pacific. Advertisement Still have questions? It was interesting work, but I wouldnt want to do it for a living. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." Spruance became a shadowy sort of legend in the Navy. Spruance directed Operation Hailstone against the Japanese naval base Truk in February 1944 in which twelve Japanese warships, thirty-two merchant ships and 249 aircraft were destroyed. The young, ambitious officer was then assigned to Bainbridge, U.S. destroyer No. "Admiral Raymond Spruance". The Eastern Orthodox Church developed from the church in Constantinople. Although there are no options attached we can say the following. Recently promoted to rear admiral, Spruance was assigned to command a division of cruisers in the Pacific under Admiral Nimitz in 1941. Both commanders hoped for a classic battle with the Imperial Japanese Navy, but only Mitschers carrier planes were able to reach the enemy. Spruance's rise to fame . At Midway, dive bombers from the Enterprise crippled sank four larger carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. The Japanese navy could never accept this catastrophic loss. [13] But in summing up Spruance's performance in the battle, Morison wrote: "Fletcher did well, but Spruance's performance was superb. Spruances naval guns started their bombardment two days later. Then followed two years as assistant chief of staff to the commander of naval forces in Europe; a year of study at the Naval War College in Newport, R.I., where he completed the senior course; and two years of duty in the Office of Naval Intelligence. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. The Americans were able to count on Yorktown, however, after patching her up in an astonishing two days instead of 90 days as had been estimated. The three-day operation was the most extensive ever undertaken by carriers. "When I look at myself objectively," he wrote in retirement, "I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." These plans proved moot when the war came to an abrupt end in early August with the use of the atom bomb. He was uniquely modest and candid about himself all his life. Lt Tomanaga leads Japanese Torpedo Bombers to attack the remaining carriers. He managed to gain an appointment from Indiana to the U.S. Official Navy historian Samuel Eliot Morison characterized Spruance's performance as "superb", and he was nicknamed "electric brain" for his calmness even in moments of supreme crisis, a reputation enhanced by his successful tactics. They follow returning American pilots and damage the Yorktown, but receiving more than 50% casualties. On 6 December 1941 Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japanese bombers and America was swept into World War Two. The Marine fighters and anti-aircraft fire shot down or badly damaged about a third of the enemy attack group. On 13 May 1945, Admiral Raymond Spruance put pen to paper and described the second kamikaze attack he experienced at Okinawa. Two minutes later, 37 dive bombers from Enterprise, led by Lt. Cmdr. Spruance graduated from the U.S. He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. 2015. He served as Assistant Chief of Staff under Vice admiral Philip Andrews during the period of tensions between Greece and Turkey and was decorated with the Gold Cross of the Order of the Savior by the Government of Greece for his service. U.S. losses were low: 25 airplanes and 18 lives. "Foreward for Midway." US Naval Institute Proceedings 81, no. It was a cool, clear day. ), honoris causa degree from Central Philippine University in 1955, an institution of higher learning founded by the American Baptist missionary, William Orison Valentine in 1905. He graduated from Shortridge High School and went on to the U.S. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. At the crucial Battle of Midway your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation[24]. In the first months of World War II in the Pacific, Spruance commanded the four heavy cruisers and support ships of Cruiser Division Five from his flagship, the heavy cruiser USSNorthampton. He suggested Spruance replace him as commander of the Fleet carrier force, despite the fact that Spruce had little experience with carriers. Following a stint aboard USS Cincinnati, Spruance was made commander of the destroyer USS Bainbridge in March 1913 with the rank of lieutenant (junior grade). Fletcher would command Task Force 17, but the task force flag ship, USSYorktown, had been badly damaged at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the formation's other carrier, Lexington, had been sunk, but at Nimitz's behest Yorktown was patched-repaired in "rush" time purposefully to join the Midway operation.[11]. On two end of daylight hoursa U.S. scout plane located Hiry again Earharts disappearance his home in Beach. End in early August with the Imperial Japanese Navy could never accept catastrophic... 199 planes, 128 flight personnel and damage to four warships to be at loggerheads with his staff on occasions! Draw them north to deal with a Japanese invasion in the Battle of.. It for a living his family, he died on 13 May,... Bombers and America was swept into World War II magazine today A. 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