Nearly one in five (19 percent) identify this way, compared to 10 percent of Muslims and only 6 percent of Hindus. Immigrants from Canada (96%), Oceania (82%), Europe (75%) and sub-Saharan Africa (74%) have the highest rates of English proficiency. Thirty-one percent respond that it is a major problem, 53 percent believe it is a minor problem, and a small minority (17 percent) believe it is not a problem at all. Overall, there are 632 respondents in the IAAS sample who belong to the Hindu faith but only 293 who report identifying with a caste group. In 2017, about 29 million immigrants were working or looking for work in the U.S., making up some 17% of the total civilian labor force. The remaining 23 percent of the sample consists of immigrants residing in the United States who do not hold U.S. citizenship. This margin of error is calculated at the 95 percent confidence interval. 42 Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes, Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization, Public Opinion Quarterly 76, no. Not Indian-Americans, simply Americans. Around the same time, Nina Davuluri (who was crowned Miss America 2014) remarked, The fact that I am rooted in Indian culture helped me win [the] Miss America pageant.11. However, Hindus and Muslims exhibit less comfort when it comes to having close friends of the opposite faith. South America South Central Asia South Eastern Asia Western Asia Alabama Immigrants U.S. born Mexico Guatemala India China/HK Korea Germany Vietnam Philippines United Kingdom Canada Honduras Jamaica Japan Colombia El Salvador Immigrants 20K 40K 60K Mapbox OSM Top 15 countries of birth Migration Policy Institute MPI Data Hub While immigration has been at the forefront of a national political debate, the U.S. public holds a range of views about immigrants living in the country. In 2018, 3.6 million people in New York (18 percent of the state's population) were native-born Americans who had at least one immigrant parent. Do religious differences and partisan politics exacerbate social distance between members of the Indian American community? For more information, please refer to our Complete Comment Moderation Policy. But in New Jersey, where there is a significant concentration of Indian Americans, Indian Americans are more likely to associate with their own. The survey asks respondents whether they participate in a set of holidays, some associated with India and others that are either associated with the United States or are more global in nature. Forty-seven percent of Hindu respondents report identifying with a caste, which means the majority (53 percent) said that they do not personally identify with a caste group of any kind. CORRECTION (Sept. 21, 2020): An update to the methodology used to tabulate figures in the chartAmong new immigrant arrivals, Asians outnumber Hispanicshas changed all figures from 2001 and 2012. Not only are Hindus less likely to report attending religious services, but they are also less likely to say that they pray. The decline in the unauthorized immigrant population is due largely to a fall in the number from Mexico the single largest group of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. The main sample was matched to a frame corresponding to all adult Indian Americans, and the oversample was matched to a frame corresponding to Indian Americans ages eighteen to twenty-seven. IAAS data confirm this finding. An additional 7.6 million immigrant workers are unauthorized immigrants, less than the total of the previous year and notably less than in 2007, when they were 8.2 million. Muslims and Christians are significantly more likely than Hindus to say that religion is very important to thema gap of nearly 30 percentage points. On the matter of campaign finance, one-fifth of U.S.-born citizens report contributing to a political campaign, while just 13 percent of foreign citizens and 5 percent of non-citizens said they did so. Somali immigrants are the second-largest immigrant group in Minnesota. One possibility is that the person or persons engaged in caste discrimination could be from another South Asian country, where caste might be a meaningful marker of status and hold greater salience.50 Another possibility is that respondents interpret caste discrimination as a stand-in for other forms of discriminationon the basis of skin color or country of origin, for example. 48 (2010): 99106. (Hence, the percentages do not add up to 100.) In 2020, about 8% of Minnesotans were foreign-born, but that percentage was as high as 37% in the late 1800s. This section explores how Indian Americans view the subject of their own identity. YouGov recruited respondents from its proprietary panel comprising 1.8 million U.S. residents. Report this user for behavior that violates our Community Guidelines. Immigration will continue to shape our communities for generations to come. Immigrants from Mexico (7%) and Central America (11%) were the least likely to have a bachelors or higher. The population of immigrants is also very diverse, with just about every country in the world represented among U.S. immigrants. Members of the Indian American communityboth individually and collectivelyare mobilizing in response. Overall, the Indian American population is highly educated compared to the U.S. average (see figure 3), as other studies have suggested.19 Nearly three-fourths have a college education40 percent of respondents have completed a postgraduate education and another 33 percent have finished four years of undergraduate study. Of this latter group, the overwhelming majority83 percentcategorize themselves as General or upper caste. Another 23% of all immigrants were unauthorized immigrants. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. The margin of error for the full sample of 1,200 respondents is +/- 2.8 percent. For instance, 27 percent of Hindu respondents who identify with a caste report that all or most of their Indian friends share their caste affiliation. This project has been reviewed and approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board (Protocol #843855). Self-identification also varies by religion. 19 Chakravorty, Kapur, and Singh, The Other One Percent, table 2.2 and figure 2.4. Given that only 5 percent of IAAS respondents report being victims of caste discrimination, any subgroup analysis must be interpreted with due care given the small sample sizes involved. By contrast, more than half (57%) of immigrants who have lived in the U.S. for 20 years or more are proficient English speakers. 49 Although sample sizes are extremely small, it does seem that Hindu respondents who affirmatively identify with a caste are more likely to report discrimination on the basis of caste. Figure 19 displays the responses to this question, collapsing five response categories into three for ease of exposition. Forty percent of respondents report praying either several times a day or once a daysignificantly more than the 27 percent of the sample that attends religious services at least once a week. . Overall, 19 percent of respondents report having a spouse who is not of Indian origin, but this is slightly more common among men (22 percent) than women (16 percent). Forty-seven percent of U.S.-born citizens report engaging in this activity, but 45 percent of foreign-born citizens and 41 percent of non-citizens did so as well. The survey asks a follow-up question to respondents who report having any friends of Indian origin (of the entire sample of 1,200 respondents, 1,093 fall into this category): Among your Indian origin friends, how many a) belong to the same religion as you; b) are from same region of India as you; and c) are of the same caste as you? The purpose of this question is to investigate whether Indian-origin social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous. Comments. In all 15 states except West Virginia the total population increased between 2010 and 2016. Much larger shares believe that other minority groups face greater discrimination than Indian Americans, including Latino Americans (90 percent), LGBTQ Americans (89 percent), African Americans (86 percent), and women (86 percent). In terms of regions, about two-thirds of immigrants lived in the West (34%) and South (34%). As the number and/or concentration of Indian Americans in a geography increases, one might expect that respondents social networks might become more insular. The IAAS sample includes both citizens and non-U.S. citizens; the former category accounts for 77 percent of the survey respondents. The U.S. foreign-born population reached a record 44.8 million in 2018. Minnesota has proportionally fewer immigrants compared to the nation as a whole, but we have long been a state shaped by immigration. Sixty-four percent of this subset of respondents were naturalized after the year 2000, while the remainder received U.S. citizenship before that. The previous section demonstrated that, for many Indian Americans, shared religious affiliation is the most important characteristic of respondents social networks. It explores this contentious subject in three ways. All attitudinal and perceptual measures and variables discussed in this paper are self-reported measures by respondents. Finally, the survey examines the identity of the person(s) responsible for engaging in discriminatory behavior. The IAAS draws on a series of questions adapted from the political science literature in order to measure inter-group social distance in the Indian American community.42 Namely, the survey explores how Indian Americans feel about having close interactions with out-group members along two prominent cleavages: those who are of a different religion, or who carry a different partisan affiliation. Hover over a state to get the total foreign-born population and double click on a state to get top county estimates. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax 1) The term "immigrants" (or "foreign born") refers to people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. This could be the result of circumstance and context, or it could be the product of social distancethe relative distance that one feels toward members of an out-group (religious, ethnic, partisan, and so on) relative to members of ones own in-group. Of the non-citizen population residing in the United States, the survey finds that 80 percent of them would accept U.S. citizenship if offeredan important preference given that Indian law forbids dual citizenship. Both frames were constructed by stratified sampling from the full 2018 ACS one-year sample. While the majority are immigrants, a rising share is born and raised in the United States. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more . A small minority of non-citizen respondents6 percentclaim some other visa status. For Indian Americans, the past is not just a distant country. There is a similar trend in naturalization for those who immigrated and later took U.S. citizenship. The results are shown in figure 22. Independence Day (July 4) ranks second (57 percent), followed by Christmas (54 percent). Data from the Center for Migration Studies shows that 78% of immigrants in California were either naturalized or had some other legal status (including green cards and visas), and about 22% were undocumented as of 2019. The Census Bureau combined survey results from 2013 to 2017 to enable the organizations statisticians to estimate the numbers of individuals who made up the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia. What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S. the United States issues immigration visas to 2 . Given the degree of partisan polarization present in U.S. politics, the survey examines how much this polarization is present within the Indian American community as well. While the majority are immigrants, a rising share . Mexican immigrants remain Minnesota's largest immigrant group, but the number of Mexican immigrants living in the state declined over the past decade. Respondents who acknowledge a caste identity are only slightly more likely to report that some of their social network is made up of people of the same caste (41 percent versus 33 percent for those without a caste identity). Cubans are among the top five foreign-born groups in the South . By tidal93341. Conversely, the larger the size of a group, the greater the likelihood of meeting someone from that group. In addition to asking respondents about their religious identity, the survey also asks them about the role religion plays in their life. In contrast, there is more variation on the dimensions of region and caste. Many Indian immigrants might have brought with them identities rooted in their ancestral homeland, while others have eschewed them in favor of a nonhyphenated American identity. Other popular home states include Delhi (9 percent), Punjab (8 percent), and Kerala (7 percent). In 2020, about8% of Minnesotans were foreign-born, but that percentage was as high as 37% in the late 1800s. Apart from attending religious services, the survey asks respondents how frequently they pray (outside of the times they attend religious services). according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey, Texas, Washington, New York and California, California (24%), Texas (11%) and Florida (10%), 7.6 million immigrant workers are unauthorized immigrants, drive future growth in the U.S. working-age population, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language, more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans, Key facts about U.S. immigration policies and Bidens proposed changes, Most Latinos say U.S. immigration system needs big changes, 60% of Americans Would Be Uncomfortable With Provider Relying on AI in Their Own Health Care, The changing face of Congress in 8 charts. What is the largest immigrant group in America? The top countries of origin for immigrants were India (11 percent of immigrants), Mexico (8 percent), China (6 percent), the Philippines (3 percent), and Canada (3 percent). What are the demographic characteristics of Indian Americans? Fourteen percent of non-citizens are on F-1, J-1, or M-1 visascategories of student or scholar visaswhile another 5 percent hold an L-1 visa, a designation available to employees of an international company with offices in the United States. Nearlyhalf a million immigrantscall Minnesota home, a population that includes citizens and non-citizens, students and workers, and refugees who fled their home countries. Formed in 2021, we provide fact-based, non-partisan news. The survey asks respondents whether they believe other minorities experience a greater degree of discrimination relative to Indian Americans (see figure 25). This paper argues that while there is much that binds the community, there are also nascent signs that these common bonds are being tested as religious cleavages, generational divides, and political polarization invite fragmentation. 3 (2012): 405431; Matthew Levendusky and Neil Malhotra, Does Media Coverage of Partisan Polarization Affect Political Attitudes?, Political Communication 33, no. Six percent choose no hyphenation at all and identify only as American and another 6 percent classify themselves as Asian American, an identity category that includes a wide range of diaspora groups from the Asian continent. According to data from the 2018 American Community Survey (ACS)which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureauthere are 4.2 million people of Indian origin residing in the United States. Sign up to receive emails from Carnegies South Asia Program! Of course, many Indian Americansirrespective of citizenshipremain tied to India thanks to direct family connections. These patterns break down quite differently by religion, however (see figure 8). Relatively few Indian Americans across the board report contacting an elected representative or other government official: 15 percent of U.S.-born citizens, 11 percent of foreign-born citizens, and 9 percent of non-citizens engaged in this class of activities. You guys are incredible.1, While some in the media interpreted Bidens off-the-cuff remark as an unfortunate gaffe, others viewed it as affirmation of the growing influence of the Indian American diaspora. 8 See, inter alia, Thenmozhi Soundararajan, A New Lawsuit Shines a Light on Caste Discrimination in the U.S. and Around the World, Washington Post, July 13, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/13/new-lawsuit-shines-light-caste-discrimination-us-around-world/; and Yashica Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley, New York Times, July 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html. The five largest foreign-born groups in the United States, including those from Mexico, the Philippines, India, China, and Vietnam, account for 44 percent of the total immigrant population. Foreign-born Indian Americans are much more likely to commemorate Diwali, Holi, and Indian Independence Day than respondents born in the United States. Give Orange. How Do Indian Americans View India? True False True Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more about their social, economic, and demographic circumstances. Stay up to date with what you want to know. Give Orange. U.S. President Joe Biden remarked in a March 2021 phone call with Swati Mohan, an Indian-origin scientist charged with overseeing the highly anticipated landing of the Perseverance Mars rover for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Its amazing. Among Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents, 88% think immigrants strengthen the country with their hard work and talents, and just 8% say they are a burden. Can you name the largest immigrant groups from each continent in Norway? For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B here. The backgrounds of children of immigrants' families vary by state and region. 28 Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley; Jennifer Medina, Debate Erupts in California Over Curriculum on Indias History, New York Times, May 4, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/us/debate-erupts-over-californias-india-history-curriculum.html. For the 28 percent of respondents who perceive that polarization in India is impacting the diaspora community, the survey asks what specific features of Indias domestic politics are responsible (see figure 29). Washington, DC 20036-2103. The overall margin of error for the IAAS is +/- 2.8 percent. 2) Population estimates for stateswith an immigrant population under 2,000 persons are not provided due to insufficient sample size. Nearly half of all Muslims (48 percent) say they attend religious services regularly as well. From 2001 to 2018, a majority (60%) of immigrants deported have not been convicted of a crime. Respondents for this survey were recruited from an existing panel administered by YouGov. For instance, for Indian Americans who skeptically view the rise of Hindu majoritarianism in India, it is unclear how they might apportion blame given that religion, leadership, and political parties are all deeply intertwined, especially in the current political scenario. The next two largest origin groups are Indian Americans, who account for 21% of the total (4.6 million people), and Filipinos, who account for 19% (or 4.2 million people). White immigrants to America, 80 percent . Where does this leave the Indian American community and its role in promoting U.S.-India relations? We are grateful to the team at the Center for the Advanced Study of India at the University of Pennsylvania. Country. U.S.-born Indian Americans, however, are more likely to report a social network with a limited number of Indians (stating very few or none of their friends are of Indian origin) or to take the middle ground42 percent of them report that some of their friends are Indian origin, compared to 35 percent of foreign-born respondents.40. On average, an H-1B visa holder reports living in the United States for eight years, although 36 percent of H-1B beneficiaries report spending more than a decade in the country (that is, they arrived before 2010). They are more likely to say they are very comfortable having Democratic than Republican friends, and three times as many say they would not be comfortable having close Republican friends than close Democratic friends. A much higher share of U.S.-born citizens report attending a protest (18 percent) than either foreign-born citizens (8 percent) or non-citizens (4 percent). However, duration of stay remains significant. 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