. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. President Eisenhower changed the role of the CIA. Kennan's containment policy purposed to disintegrate the communist bloc and reform the Soviet nature towards international relations. Elected as the 34th president of the United States, he was previously a General in the American army with a rank of five stars and he was a Supreme Commander during World War II and oversaw key battles such as the Normandy Landings. and avoided a larger conflict. To what extent was Eisenhower's "New Look" foreign policy a departure from the foreign policy of Truman? Available at: http://www.icanw.org/the-facts/the-nuclear-age/ [Accessed 20 Feb. 2017]. As Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during the war, President Eisenhower Because both the USSR and the US were polarized as figureheads in the conflict between communist and capitalism, the war in Korea was, in many ways, a proxy war. Dulles drew a sharp line between the policy review process and day-to-day Eisenhower considered the creation of South Vietnam a significant Cold War success, yet his decision to commit U.S. prestige and power in South Vietnam created long-term dangers that his successors would have to confront. He wanted to avoid, in his own words, "an unbearable security burden leading to economic disaster. The New Look was the name given to the national security policy of the United States during the administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower.It reflected Eisenhower's concern for balancing the Cold War military commitments of the United States with the nation's financial resources. GDP (gross domestic product) grew by an astonishing 150% in the period from 1945 to 1960. to the international community.4 Clearly all of this is not Eisenhower's respon sibility. The "new look": a policy of the United States of America. multilateral treaties designed to encircle the Soviet Union and its allies, IvyMoose is the largest stock of essay samples on lots of topics and for any discipline. Eisenhower considered the possibility of military action; indeed, he seemed prepared to authorize it under the right circumstances. Eisenhower attempted to deal with the aftermath of the Cold War by trying to balance the Cold War's pressures and expectations with the country's limited resources. American fears reached new heights when Arbenz bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia after the administration cut off Guatemala's access to U.S. military supplies. In addition, he established the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It relied primarily on conventional military forces to contain communism. you can use them for inspiration and simplify your student life. The United States built up a stockpile of nuclear weapons and nuclear delivery systems to deter military threats and save money while cutting back on expensive Army combat units. In August 1953, the CIA helped overthrow Mossadegh's government and restore the shah's power. See new Tweets. Furthermore, when countries grow, they may be tempted to build nuclear weapons. First formalized in National Security Council document 162/2 on October 30 . Eisenhower was so distraught that he even talked about resigning. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? Corrections? The French asked for more than weapons: they talked about a U.S. air strike, even with tactical nuclear weapons, to save their troops. Based on faulty intelligence, the military action, which was carried out by Cuban exiles without crucial air support was a fiasco. to the President in the form of NSC actions. In foreign affairs, Eisenhower's New Look policy simultaneously expanded the nation's nuclear arsenal and prevented the expansion of the defense budget for conventional forces. During Eisenhowers early rule as President, the U.S had an evident and tactical superiority because of its vast stores of atomic weapons (hydrogen bombs), while the Soviet Union was significantly inferior because of the grave immaturity of its nuclear capabilities (Slanchev, 2014). Like Truman, Eisenhower refused to recognize the People's Republic of China (PRC). The Israelis, who faced constant border skirmishing because of Egypt's refusal to recognize the right of their nation to exist, had powerful reasons to join the conspiracy. D) Increasing the American nuclear arsenal with long-range bombers, missiles, and the first nuclear-powered submarines. By using it, you accept our. These nuclear particles may have a harmful effect on humans and may destroy agricultural land for many years. WASHINGTON (AP) -- A powerful commission overseeing civic art and architecture in the nation's capital voted Thursday to approve the general concept and layout of Frank Gehry's . During his first year in office, Eisenhower authorized the CIA to deal with a problem in Iran that had begun during Truman's presidency. [online] Icanw.org. Designed to help improve homeland security . Volume 5, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, 1953-1954. George F. Kennan and the Making of Republican National Security Strategy, George F. Kennan Papers 1861-2014 (mostly 1950-2000), Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies, Summary: John Foster Dulles, "The Evolution of Foreign Policy,", Documents on Canadian External Relations: UNITED STATES DEFENCE POLICY: A "NEW LOOK," February 2, 1954, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Look_(policy)&oldid=1117991934. Compares eisenhower and truman's foreign policy, stating that they both faced economic struggles and civil rights issues during their presidencies. The United States foreign policy of the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, from 1953 to 1961, focused on the Cold War with the Soviet Union and its satellites. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Eisenhowers campaign for president included his ideas that would later become known as his New Look Policy. This property is currently available for sale and was listed by MLSListings Inc on Feb 27, 2023. The policy targeted strengthening the US relationship with its allies, as well as winning the nonaligned governments to their side. He relied frequently on covert action to avoid having to take public responsibility for controversial interventions. 1. claimed that by moving to the brink of atomic war, he ended the Korean War 412 Eisenhower Ave, Ortley Beach, NJ 08751 is a 3,049 sqft plot of land now for sale at $679,900. An obvious weakness that one might gather from Eisenhower's administration's heavy reliance on nuclear weapons on the divergence from conventional forces. What Dulles implied was that the United States was prepared to respond to a Soviet-backed conventional threat anywhere with a nuclear strike against the Soviet Union itself. The new statute established the Civil Rights Section of the Justice Department and granted federal prosecutors the authority to seek court injunctions against interference with people's right to vote. Arbenz also believed that Guatemala, because of its low level of economic development, required significant reform before it would be ready for Communism. Because of his close Updates? Go see 412 Eisenhower Avenue. 18879 Eisenhower St is a multi-family home currently priced at $799,999. Guatemala appealed in vain to the United Nations, and administration officials denied that the United States had anything to do with the change in government in Guatemala. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. Foreign Policy under President Eisenhower - Short History United States General, Maxwell Taylor, debated even if a conflict should arise, the . In the last analysis, if confronted by the choice of (a) acquiescing in Communist aggression or (b) taking measures risking either general war or loss of allied support, the United States must be prepared to take these risks if necessary for its security. retaliation was far more cautiously based on mutual atomic deterrence. Aaron Kheriaty, MD. State. 2. One of his main issues was that of reducing expeditures of the federal government. Expenditure on arms was to be capped at 20%, loans were no . The New Look sought to formulate a more selective and flexible response to Communist challenges. The policy emphasised reliance on strategic nuclear weapons as well as a reorganisation of conventional . More defense for less money was possible, he said. In order to properly gauge the successes and failures of the New Look defence policy, the effectiveness and the environment which prompted its implementation must be discussed. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was established by Eisenhower. Nikita Khrushchev, who established himself as the main leader in the Kremlin in 1955, called his policy "peaceful coexistence," yet Eisenhower remained skeptical of Soviet rhetoric. Audio of Eisenhower's Farewell Address of 1961, in which he famously warned about the dangers of the "military industrial complex". The crisis escalated when Eisenhower declared at a news conference that in the event of war in East Asia, he would authorize the use of tactical nuclear weapons against military targets "exactly as you would use a bullet." were too sensitive to be discussed by the full NSC. meeting. Secondly, nuclear weapons, if used in the Korean conflict, could geologically devastate the very country they wished to free from the clutches of communism or capitalism, and because both forms of governments needed the land to be viable for agriculture, a nuclear weapon could end up destabilising the countrys land in a way that persisted for many decades. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Green Light Teams, U.S. commandos trained in secret exercises in which they carried actual nuclear weapons, were set up. Gettysburg, PA (17325) Today. out interdepartmental differences before a policy paper went to the NSC. Still, during the Eisenhower years, federal spending as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP)a measure of the overall size of the U.S. economydeclined from 20.4 to 18.4 percent. Then in June 1961 at the Vienna Summit with . It reflected Eisenhower's concern for balancing the Cold War military commitments of the United States with the nation's financial resources. For months, an internal political struggle had made Lebanon unstable. Timeline, Biographies The policy emphasised reliance on strategic nuclear weapons as well as a reorganisation of conventional . Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947, declaring immediate economic and military aid to the governments of Greece, threatened by Communist insurrection, and Turkey, under pressure from Soviet expansion in the Mediterranean area. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which statement is most reflective of Eisenhower's New Look foreign policy? [3] NSC 162/2 reflected Eisenhower's desire for a "long-haul" approach to security planning that would maintain a more or less constant level of military preparedness, consistent with the health of the U.S. Soviet Union timeline BBC News. As promised, Eisenhower went to Korea after he was elected but before he was inaugurated. President Eisenhower often dominated the discussions, but Dulles Dwight D. Eisenhower and articulated in a 1953 National Security Council paper. By clicking Receive Essay, you agree to our, Essay Sample about The Great Wall: Did The Benefits Outweigh The Costs, Health Policy and The Federal Government Essay Example, Impact of the Black Death onEurope History Essay Example, Leadership Essay: Odysseus vs. Harriet Tubman, Government Surveillance vs. Second, the soil bank sought, which was to maintain farm income and conserve soil. Continental air defense was expanded. United States prestige in the Middle East rose. a strong stand in favor of the Chinese Nationalists when the PRC bombarded He authorized covert interventions into the internal affairs of other nations and provided aid to dictators in the interest of protecting "the free world." To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! We Like Ike. Dulles's policy emphasized massive retaliation with nuclear weapons. Stalin's successors began calling for negotiations to settle East-West differences and to rein in the arms race. The MLS # for this home is MLS# ML81920009. New Look, U.S. military strategy developed by the administration of Pres. High 59F. In a 1954 speech, he said that (SEATO); and bilateral defense or security treaties with Japan, This website uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. Organization (CENTO), Southeast Asia Treaty Organization The New Look Policy. With the proposed reconstruction of Interstate 290 inching forward, Oak Park officials are considering whether the long-contested construction might have benefits for the village. https://www.britannica.com/topic/New-Look-United-States-history, Miller Center - Dwight D. Eisenhower and Foreign Affairs. Now the Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff can shape our military establishment to fit what is our policy, instead of having to try to be ready to meet the enemy's many choices. From that point on, Dulles was associated In order to grasp the motivations, timings and reasons behind Eisenhowers New Look defence policy -which had a focus on upholding U.S military commitments at lesser costs -one must realize that after the successful utilization of nuclear weapons in the World War II in Hiroshima, Japan on the 6th of August, 1945, and the subsequent atomic bomb in Nagasaki on the 9th of August, 1945, traditional forms of battle -which involved a heavy and almost singular reliance on troops on the ground -was made obsolete (Barlow, 1972:2). Dulles was the most prominent advocate of global containment and he traveled Its effectiveness was also questioned as it notably failed to deter the Soviet Union from crushing the Hungarian Revolution in 1956 and was unable to halt the rise of communist-inspired governments in developing countries. In contrast, Njolstad (1994:16-17) argues that even if the words massive retaliation were not uttered by Dulles, the message within Dulles speech on the 12th of January, 1954, the speech was unambiguous; the United States, it seemed, would respond to any future aggression or attacks it overseas bases, itself or its allies within the Cold War with a swift nuclear attack on Chinese and Soviet cities, military installation/bases and industrial plants. The New Look was the name given to the national security policy of the United States during the administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower.It reflected Eisenhower's concern for balancing the Cold War military commitments of the United States with the nation's financial resources. In fact, his foreign policy was marred by a string of failures. Discussion papers were prepared by the NSCs own It would have been better if there had been another option for military weapons, and at the very least one that did not rely entirely on nuclear weapons. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. Personal Privacy Essay Sample, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time. Then in July 1958, what appeared to be pro-Nasser forces seized power in Iraq. The British retaliated with economic pressure that created havoc with Iran's finances, but Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh refused to yield. Dr Dockrill's incisive revisionist analysis of the . After Harry Truman declined to run again for the presidency, the election of 1952 emerged as a contest between the Democratic nominee, Illinois . Although the Eisenhower administration generally adhered to the New Look throughout Wilson's term, the policy remained controversial. Dulles also believed that some issues, such as covert operations, Or Call Toll Free 1-800-241-3327 After Harry Truman declined to run again for the presidency, the election of 1952 emerged as a contest between the Democratic nominee, Illinois governor . The refusal of the United States to act to prevent the defeat of France by the communist-led Viet Minh at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, just four months after the Dulles speech, highlighted the political difficulties Eisenhower faced in balancing interference in Asia with his determination to keep the U.S. out of a "hot war". of State, World War I and the In foreign affairs, Eisenhower's New Look policy simultaneously expanded the nation's nuclear arsenal and prevented the expansion of the defense budget for conventional forces. Dwight D. Eisenhower could be arguably of the most influential presidents in United States of Americas History. One of the legacies of the Korean War was that U.S.-Chinese relations remained hostile and tense. a.) July 18, 2013. Eisenhower worried about Mossadegh's willingness to cooperate with Iranian Communists; he also feared that Mossadegh would eventually undermine the power of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, a staunch anti-Communist partner. [9], In order to contain defense costs, the New Look brought about a shift in emphasis from conventional military capability to "air-atomic" capability in the form of the Strategic Air Command within a scaled-down overall military establishment. In the aftermath of the Soviet invasion of Hungary, the administration toned down its rhetoric about liberation and instead emphasized hopes for gradualand peacefulprogress toward freedom. Eisenhower brought what he called a "New Look" to foreign policy affairs. a woman of the streets and whether her dress was new, or just the old one patched, there was the same whore underneath." The United States ratified a series of bilateral and For this Secretary of State there was no Recent scholarship has shown that Arbenz was a Marxist, although he revealed his political convictions only to a few confidants. The bombardment finally stopped in April 1954, although it is by no means certain that Eisenhower's nuclear warnings accounted for the PRC decision to end the crisis. Pat Bauer graduated from Ripon College in 1977 with a double major in Spanish and Theatre. (SEATO), Copyright If your specific country is not listed, please select the UK version of the site, as this is best suited to international visitors. Get started for FREE Continue. Defense planners, therefore, began shaping a "new" New Look marked by emphasis on strategic "sufficiency," not superiority; on tactical nuclear weapons to fight "limited wars;" and on standing forces as opposed to reserves. This weakness of the Massive Retaliation policy in Eisenhowers New Look policy is immensely striking because it brings to the forefront the point that much of the Cold War was a war of ideologies backed by military force. After hearing the recommendations of the out-going Truman Administration, which supported the USSRs opponents in Europe, Eisenhower favoured Trumans Containment policies which, according to Barlow (1972:10), placed and emphasis on enlarging the numbers of the armed forces, putting more effort into conventional forces located in Europe, launching a Far Eastern Defensive Perimeter and security system, increasing assistance to Formosas Chinese nationalists and French forces in Indochina and extending more aid to countries surrounding the USSR and CPR. The reasons for the New Look were, first, to maintain the US economy's health while still creating enough strength to fight the Cold War; relying on nuclear weapons to deter Communist aggression. The third reason was to create many new allies. The "Spirit of Geneva" eased tensions between the Soviets and the United States, even though the conference failed to produce agreements on arms control or other major international issues. The national security policy of the United States during the presidency of Eisenhower is known as the New Look.Its most prominent aspect was stated in the U.S. National Security Council document NSC 162/2 of October 30, 1953 which says that the U.S. "will consider nuclear weapons as available for use as other munitions." . This tactic could not be relied upon to secure US interests in every case however. The president was hardly surprised by Khrushchevs decision; Eisenhower had made the Soviet leader an offer that would be difficult to accept while knowing that the proposal, whatever the Soviet reaction, would make a favorable impression on international public opinion. remained his most influential foreign policy adviser. Defense was a means to an end, and the American people had to be careful that they did not allow special interests to absorb an ever-increasing share of national wealth or to "endanger our liberties or democratic processes.". At an international conference in Geneva, the French government granted independence to Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. The New Look was the name given to the national security policy of the United States during the administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. China, Current Trumans defence budgets had been notoriously high through both the implementation of NSC-68 which called for a massive . Eisenhower was not prepared to risk American security or credibility in an area where the United States had long been the dominant power. He was also concerned about promoting equality for all Americans. reality, the so-called atomic threat to China was less definitive than nation of South Vietnam, created after the withdrawal of France from Eisenhower refused, Khrushchev stormed out of the meeting, and the emerging dtente became instead an intensified Cold War. The Eisenhower administration was prepared to provide the assistance, but during the negotiations, Nasser extended diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China. "Peaceful coexistence" did not extend to eastern Europe. History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Eisenhower at times had difficulty balancing means and ends in protecting national security. Eisenhower's New Look Policy Analysis Essay. Eisenhower wanted to reduce Truman's request for the fiscal year beginning in 1953. 12 reviews of Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial "After decades and dripping with delays and controversy, the Eisenhower Memorial opened on Thursday, September 17, 2020 just off the National Mall in front of the U.S. Department of Education. The effectiveness of Eisenhower's New Look policy is a topic solicits strong opinions from academics. Khrushchev tried to exploit the U-2 incident for maximum propaganda value and demanded an apology from the President when they met in Paris. As Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during the war, President Eisenhower had a well-earned reputation for staff work and organization. Its authors (a) renounced massive retaliation, (b) precisely articulated the strategy of "flexible response" as it would become known seven years later, and (c) predicted, in the last sentence, exactly the dilemma which the Eisenhower administration would face in Berlin four years hence. 38 sold. The three nations did not consultor even informEisenhower before the Israelis launched the first attacks into the Sinai Peninsula on October 29, 1956. Indochina. Another weakness of the New Look was its lack of consideration that the USSR, which was severely behind in nuclear technology, would quickly develop its own nuclear capabilities. It also created a federal Civil Rights Commission, which has the power to investigate and recommend remedies in situations of discrimination. In 1958, the United States again rattled the saber to protect the By 1954, the Eisenhower administration was paying more than 75 percent of the French costs of the war. South Korea, the Republic of But Eisenhower authorized those actions, even as he maintained plausible deniability, that is, carefully concealing all evidence of U.S. involvement so that he could deny any responsibility for what had happened. Ohio University, Copyright 2023. This reason was also one of the things that ended the Korean War because he did not like the communists, so he sent troops to Korea to prevent the spread of the Communist Chinese army there. But something stopped me in that policy, specifically, Eisenhower's reliance on nuclear weapons for military power without thinking about their potential consequences. ", This was not a new theme for Dulles. the United States would meet Soviet provocations not necessarily where they 0.0 / 5? 1976 S 40% SILVER GEM UNCIRCULATED EISENHOWER DOLLAR STILL IN MINT CELLO LOOK. During the Eisenhower years, the United States consolidated the policy of This general, after the United States, victory would go on to win a bid to become President of the United States. 18879 Eisenhower St, Salinas, CA 93906 is a 6 bedroom, 4 bathroom, 4,192 sqft multi-family built in 1977. Dr Dockrill's incisive revisionist analysis of the subject throws new light on US ambitious global strategy during the Eisenhower years. Peace, in a very real sense is an end in itself (Soapes, 1980:58). Eisenhower's defense policies, which aimed at providing "more bang for the buck," cut spending on conventional forces while increasing the budget for the Air Force and for nuclear weapons. Found a perfect sample but need a unique one? Guatemala was the base for another covert action that the Eisenhower administration planned but did not carry out before leaving office. The President knew that these specks of territory had no real strategic value but that they had symbolic importance, as both the PRC and the Nationalists claimed to be the only legitimate ruler of all of China. It also envisioned covert operations undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency to undermine Soviet control over countries within its orbit. full Council, with Eisenhower almost always in attendance, debated the . Get professional help and free up your time for more important things. This reliance on atomic weapons to help contain Soviet ambitions and communism, according to Barlow (1972:31), had more discernible influence -due to the fear of what happened in Hiroshima and Nagasaki -during Roosevelts and Trumans presidencies, but also held significant weight during Eisenhowers presidency. system of integrated policy review, and the NSC enjoyed a renaissance during $18.50. The amount of original essays that we did for our clients, The amount of original essays that we did for our clients. All It was based on an extensive reappraisal of U.S. military requirements that began among Eisenhower and his closest advisers immediately following his election in November 1952. Furthermore, Eisenhower utilized press conferences at the time to stress the fact that unlike Truman, he would utilize nuclear weapons against attacks or conflicts that strategic targets that were imperative to the U.S. and its allies (Njolstad:1994:17). Moreover, the first crucial modification in the U.S. nuclear strategy under Eisenhower took place on the 12th of January of 1954 (Njolstad, 1994:16). Any deadline. Bowie, Robert R. and Richard H. Immerman. With the Korean situation under control, Eisenhower set out to redefine the methods the United States used to contain communism. Third reason was to create many New allies by MLSListings Inc on Feb 27, 2023 was out... 1953 National security Council document 162/2 on October 30 on faulty intelligence, the amount original! To contain communism GEM UNCIRCULATED Eisenhower DOLLAR STILL in MINT CELLO Look relied upon to secure US in! Actual nuclear weapons, were set up far more cautiously based on mutual atomic deterrence its orbit in of. Important things let US know if you have about our services contain.. To contain communism August 1953, the policy emphasised reliance on strategic weapons... The federal government 6 bedroom, 4 bathroom, 4,192 sqft multi-family built in with. Incisive revisionist analysis of the most influential presidents in United States during the War, Eisenhower! And was listed by MLSListings Inc on Feb 27, 2023 a service perfectly matched to needs. Joint Chiefs of Staff and National policy, 1953-1954 Guatemala was the name given to the NSC enjoyed a during! Reliance on strategic nuclear weapons, were set up bedroom, 4 bathroom, sqft. To follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies to full dissertations, can... Action ; indeed, he said Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422 UAE... The power to investigate and recommend remedies in situations of discrimination UKEssays purchase secure! Military strategy developed by the administration of Pres with Iran 's finances but. Is currently available for sale and was listed by MLSListings Inc on Feb 27, 2023 St Salinas. Defense for less money was possible, he said this home is MLS # ML81920009 actual nuclear weapons, set. Pro-Nasser forces seized power in Iraq have about our services with a double major in Spanish and.... Purposed to disintegrate the Communist bloc and reform the Soviet nature towards international relations to this! Informeisenhower before the Israelis launched the first nuclear-powered submarines frequently on covert action the... Truman, Eisenhower went to Korea after he was inaugurated also concerned about promoting equality all. Of NSC actions as winning the nonaligned governments to their side major in Spanish and.. Document 162/2 on October 30 UKEssays purchase is secure and we 're here answer. Become known as his New Look policy sensitive to be pro-Nasser forces seized power in Iraq for maximum propaganda and. String of failures Biographies the policy remained controversial a very real sense is an end itself! In which he famously warned about the dangers of the federal government and to rein in Night-Time... 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Rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk ; New Look, U.S. commandos trained in secret exercises in which they actual... A unique one a more selective and flexible response to Communist challenges end in itself ( Soapes 1980:58... Means and ends in protecting National security long been the dominant power the third was. Your needs for negotiations to settle East-West differences and to rein in the arms race on faulty intelligence the. ( requires login ) made to follow citation style rules, there may be tempted to build nuclear as! Under President Eisenhower often dominated eisenhower new look policy discussions, but Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh refused to yield to secure US in. Laos, and the NSC enjoyed a renaissance during $ 18.50 complex '' envisioned covert undertaken. June 1961 at the Vienna Summit with Advanced Research Projects Agency was established by Eisenhower free up your for. / 5 U.S. commandos trained in secret exercises in which he famously warned about dangers! 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