Italy is separated from the Balkans by the Adriatic Sea, and from Iberia by the Mediterranean Sea, which also separates Europe from Africa. East of the Vistula River, Europes expansive lowlands have something of the scale and character of those of northern Asia. Note: Italy's capital, Rome, is the country's largest city if only the municipality (comune) is considered. Political geography is the internal and external relationships between governments, citizens, and territories. Population growth is comparatively slow, and median age comparatively high in relation to the world's other continents. It is characterized by simple, minimalist design and low-cost mass production. The most important rivers in Europe are Danube, Volga, Rhine, Elbe, Oder and Dnieper, among others. The EU works to create a unified structure for social, environmental, military, and economic policies of its member states.Today, the European Union is composed of 27 member states, with new members mainly coming from central and eastern Europe. The United States began to lead the Western world, while the Soviet Union, with its capital in the Eastern European city of Moscow, Russia, led the so-called Eastern Bloc. The program highlights Europes rich cultural diversity, celebrates its cultural ties, and brings people of different European backgrounds together. The Netherlands shares its maritime borders with UK and France. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). All of the events must come together under a common theme or themes. Many of its events encouraged community involvement and civic engagement. All rights reserved. I think the same issue applies to Turkey, which unlike Russia sees itself as belonging more to Europe than Asia, politically and economically. By size, Germany is the seventh-largest European country. The U.K. also includes Northern Ireland, which is on another island. Europe's main peninsulas are the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan, located in southern Europe, and the Scandinavian and Jutland, located in Northern Europe. The lowest terrain in Europe, virtually lacking relief, stands at the head of the Caspian Sea; there the Caspian Depression reaches some 95 feet (29 metres) below sea level. In 2005, the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published 12 cartoons featuring Islamic subjects. 21,946 km 2 (8,473 sq mi) Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region, on the coast of the Black Sea. The financial and diplomatic success of the EU has led to its rapid growth across the continent.The euro is one of the strongest currencies in the world. In fact, many developing nations argued that the Copenhagen Accord was drafted by a small group of powerful countries and unfairly disadvantages poorer countries, many of which are expected to suffer the worst effects of climate change.The ageing of Europes population is also expected to dramatically affect the continents social, political, and financial future. Eastward, mainland Europe widens much like the mouth of a funnel, until the boundary with Asia is reached at the Ural Mountains and Ural River, the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains. The worn-down Ural Mountains also belong in that category, and their highest point, Mount Narodnaya (6,217 feet [1,895 metres]), corresponds approximately to that of the Massif Central in south-central France. The Apennines, Dinaric Alps, and Balkan Mountains, as well as the arc-shaped Carpathian Mountains and their southern portion, the Transylvanian Alps, also exhibit high elevations. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Philosophers and politicians have used these writings to uphold and defend the democratic tradition ever since.Roman civilization had a major influence on Western concepts of law, government, and the military. This rescue package has caused tensions to rise between economically competitive countries and the indebted countries that they are helping to rescue. These physical features allowed for early communication, travel, and agricultural development. The word democracy has Greek roots: demos-, meaning people, and -kratos, meaning power. Prominent Greek philosophers, such as Socrates and Plato, discussed democratic ideals in their writings. She or he will best know the preferred format. As to the territorial limits of Europe, they may seem relatively clear on its seaward flanks, but many island groups far to the north and westSvalbard, the Faroes, Iceland, and the Madeira and Canary islandsare considered European, while Greenland (though tied politically to Denmark) is conventionally allocated to North America. The population within the standard physical geographical boundaries was 701 million in 2005 according to the United Nations. Some of these facts about Europe are newer than others. Xenophobia is an intense dislike or fear of people from other places or cultures.Two events demonstrate this debate. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Projects are meant to stay a part of the city after 2011some pieces of sculpture may be used for athletics, for instance. Associated vegetation and soil forms also show continual variety, but only portions of the dominant woodland that clothed most of the continent when humans first appeared now remain. The North European Plain remains the most densely populated region of Europe.Central UplandsThe Central Uplands extend east-west across Central Europe and include western France and Belgium, southern Germany, the Czech Republic, and parts of northern Switzerland and Austria.The Central Uplands are lower in altitude and less rugged than the Alpine region and are heavily wooded. The link between these peninsulas has made Europe a dominant economic, social, and cultural force throughout recorded history.Europe's physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately.Europe can be divided into four major physical regions, running from north to south: Western Uplands, North European Plain, Central Uplands, and Alpine Mountains.Western UplandsThe Western Uplands, also known as the Northern Highlands, curve up the western edge of Europe and define the physical landscape of Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, and Denmark), Finland, Iceland, Scotland, Ireland, the Brittany region of France, Spain, and Portugal.The Western Uplands is defined by hard, ancient rock that was shaped by glaciation. 5. geography of Scandinavia facts. Ancient Greeks believed it was the home of the gods. It has coastlines on the Bay of Biscay (a part of the Atlantic Ocean) and the Mediterranean Sea.Spain's capital and largest city is Madrid, and the country is known for its long history, unique culture, strong economy, and very high living standards. This article treats the physical and human geography of Europe. Switzerland's small sizeits total area is about half that of Scotlandand its modest population give little indication of its international significance. Si prega di abilitare JavaScript. Europe is the second-smallest continent. The European Union created a $957 billion rescue package for the EU economy, primarily for countries that had unsustainable debt rates. Norway has the longest coastline in Europe. The five most spoken native languages in Europe are Russian, German, French English, Turkish and Italian. These camps were mostly populated by Roma, also called Gypsies. With its central European location but geographic remoteness, the Alps region developed into a unique crossroads for Europes dominant languages, and a refuge for its archaic languages. The region includes the mountains of the Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines, Dinaric Alps, Balkans, and Carpathians.High elevations, rugged plateaus, and steeply sloping land define the region. Lands lying at high elevations can, of course, be lands of low relief, but on the European continent relief tends to become more rugged as elevation increases. Continental shelvesformer land surfaces that have been covered by shallow seasare a feature of peninsular Europe, while the coasts themselves are both submerged or drowned, as in southwestern Ireland and northwestern Spain, and emergent, as in western Scotland and southern Wales, where raised former beaches are in evidence. The North European Plain extends across the country's northern reaches; this flat, lowland terrain is dissected by . The gods could both reward and punish travelers and traders with favorable or unfavorable sea conditions. Among the continents, Europe is an anomaly. Lake Ladoga is the worlds 14th largest lake by area, and Russia also has the deepest lake in the world Lake Baikal. The highest elevations and the most rugged relief of the European continent are found farther south, where the structures of the Cenozoic orogeny (i.e., from the past 66 million years) provide mountain scenery. Routes detour around, or seek gaps through, those uplandswhose German appellation, Horst (thicket), recalls their still wooded character, while their coal basins give them great economic importance. Nations that use the euro as a unit of currency are called the eurozone.Leadership of the EU, split among different branches and institutions, is a working model of international cooperation. Omissions? Europe is home to two countries that are completely landlocked by Italy. Fun Facts about Europe Europe is home to the smallest country in the world, the Holy See or the Vatican. The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean. The highest points reached in Norway and Sweden are, respectively, Galdh Peak (8,100 feet [2,469 metres]) and Mount Kebne (6,926 feet [2,111 metres]). Moose, bear, and elk (Cervus canadensis) are native to the European taiga.Just south of the taiga is a mixture of coniferous and deciduous trees, including beech, ash, poplar, and willow. Not only is Mount Etna the highest volcanic peak in Europe but it is still active. The Alpine region also includes active volcanoes, such as Mount Etna and Mount Vesuvius in Italy. Europe extends from the island nation of Iceland in the west to the Ural Mountains of Russia in the east. 3. The Central Powers (led by the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire) fell to the forces of the Allied Powers (led by the United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire). The northern plains are delimited in the west by the Scandinavian mountains and the mountainous parts of the British Isles. Europe, second smallest of the worlds continents, composed of the westward-projecting peninsulas of Eurasia (the great landmass that it shares with Asia) and occupying nearly one-fifteenth of the worlds total land area. These features typically include natural formations such as mountains, rivers, lakes, and valleys. Desert climates are found in the European portion of Kazakhstan and South Eastern Spain. All the major bodies of water in Europe have been fished for centuries. Europe's shape is in a constant change: The Mediterranean basin is shrinking, the Alps are rising and pushing North, and Scandinavia is still rebounding after having been crushed by the weight of a thick and huge ice sheet in the ice ages. The population of the City of Brussels is ~175,000. The temperature difference between summer and winter gradually increases from coastal northwest Europe to southeast inland Europe, ranging from Ireland, with a temperature difference of only 10C from the warmest to the coldest month, to the area north of the Caspian Sea, with a temperature difference of 40C. Steppe plains cover the north of Kazakhstan. Population growth in Europe is rather minimal with minimal age comparatively high. The highest peaks in those ranges are Mount Corno (9,554 feet [2,912 metres]) in the Abruzzi Apennines, Bobotov Kuk (8,274 feet [2,522 metres]) in the Dinaric Alps, Mount Botev (7,795 feet [2,376 metres]) in the Balkan Mountains, Gerlachovsk Peak (Gerlach; 8,711 feet [2,655 metres]) in the Western Carpathians, and Mount Moldoveanu (8,346 feet [2,544 metres]) in the Transylvanian Alps. In many places, including the Mediterranean and North seas, waters have been overfished. The Louvre is the most visited attraction in Europe It's a multi-lingual continent. Sometimes considered a transcontinental country, it is located at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, [2] and is today generally regarded as part of Europe. These regional labels are used more for identification than for regional analysis. A volcanos violent nature thus came from the work of Hephaestus and the anger of the imprisoned gods.The ancient Greeks connection to the sea also deeply influenced their mythological beliefs. Most Greek gods and goddesses are representations of the active physical elements that made up the local landscape. In 1397, Denmark's Queen Margaret created the Kalmar Union, which included Sweden, Finland, Norway . A study completed by the Berlin Institute for Population and Development found that Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, western Germany, Switzerland, Slovenia, Austria, and France have the best prospects of supporting vibrant and economically successful societies. Iceland and the British Isles are special cases. In 2000 the population was 857 million, using a definition which includes the whole of the transcontinental countries of Russia and Turkey. Critics argue the move was racist.Future IssuesAn important predictor of Europes political and economic future is its efforts to minimize the effects of climate change.Europe is often seen as a world leader in environmentally friendly technologies and legislation. Luxembourg is landlocked, separated from the North Sea by Belgium.. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. The 4,506 sq. Automobile companies such as BMW, Mercedes, and Audi are known throughout the world for creating cars with dynamic designs and an engaging driving experience. It was clear as well that a succession of climates, markedly different from those of the Mediterranean borderlands, were to be experienced as Europe was penetrated from the south. This idea of citizenshipof being connected to and having a voice in your communitybecame the basic building block of democracy. January average range from 13C in southern Spain and southern Greek islands to -20C in the northeastern part of European Russia. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Brde (German: edge) belt lies at the northern foot of the Central European Uplands and the Carpathians. Imperialism is a policy of extending a nations power and influence through diplomacy or military force. The consensus is, however, that the largest glacier in Europe is the Vatnajokull glacier in Iceland. Ancient Greeks also believed reigning gods imprisoned lesser gods underneath the volcanoes. Indented by numerous bays, fjords, and seas, continental Europes highly irregular coastline is about 24,000 miles (38,000 km) long. MLS # 1863863 Can you think of anything notable you think I should have included? In order to distinguish herds, families and communities developed a pattern of cuts and notches on the animals ears.Reindeer were also the Samis main method of transporting goods during their nomadic journeys. Europe is sometimes called a "peninsula of peninsulas", to draw attention to the fact that Europe is a relatively small, elongated appendage to Asia, and that a large part of Europe is made up of peninsulas. 1. A convenient division is made by a line linking the base of the peninsula of Jutland with the head of the Adriatic Sea. Glaciation too has left its mark over wide areas, and the processes of erosion and deposition have created a highly variegated and compartmentalized countryside. Author of, Emeritus Professor of Geography, Portland State University, Oregon. The Netherlands is bordered by Germany in the east; and Belgium in the south. Europe's population is 741.4 million people. As part of an international agreement signed at the conference, all 27 member states of the European Union agreed to reduce carbon emissions by 20 percent by 2020 (from 1990 levels).The EU also notified the UN of a conditional offer to increase this cut to 30 percent, provided that other major emitters agree to take on their fair share of a global reduction effort. This conditional offer illustrates the tension that was present at the conference between developed countries high carbon emissions and developing countries low or rising carbon use. Volcanic rocks add to the diversity of those regions. The European bison (Bison bonasus), the heaviest land animal on the continent, is one of the most threatened species.Beginning in the 20th century, many governments and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have worked to restore some of Europe's rich biodiversity. Among the alternative boundaries proposed by geographers that have gained wide acceptance is a scheme that sees the crest of the Greater Caucasus range as the dividing line between Europe and Asia, placing Ciscaucasia, the northern part of the Caucasus region, in Europe and Transcaucasia, the southern part, in Asia. In this case, the region of Western Europe includes the regions of northern Europe, southern Europe, Central Europe, and the British Isles. Figures for the population of Europe vary according to which definition of European boundaries is used. The western part of the continent clearly has a high proportion of coastline with good maritime access and often with . Topographic maps (often called topo maps for short) are large scale maps, often greater than 1:50,000, which means that one inch on the map equals 50,000 inches on the ground. A fjord is a long and narrow inlet of the sea that is surrounded by high, rugged cliffs. Kazakhstan and Russia are in Asia. 11. Lesotho (landlocked within South Africa), is the only other country in the world surrounded entirely by another country. The empire of ancient Rome, at its greatest extent in the 2nd century ce, revealed, and imprinted its culture on, much of the face of the continent. The euro is the second-most popular currency (behind the American dollar) and is used daily by more than 320 million people. During the Middle Ages, dominant European powers conquered the strategically important mountain territory of the Alps. But, I agree - the lines are very blurred. These nations do not feel an obligation to accept illegal immigrants, seeing them as both a threat and a burden.Supporters of the crackdown want to stop illegal immigration. Topography studies the . The low starting elevation makes the Volga a slow flowing river. An arc of uplands also exists along the northwestern seaboard, beginning in southwestern Ireland, continuing across through western and northern Great Britain, and up along the mountainous, fjord-cut spine of Norway. Latin, the language of Rome, evolved into French in the western region, and Italian in the south. National Geographic News: New Fault Found in EuropeMay 'Close Up' Adriatic Sea, National Geographic News: Volcanic Ash Stops Europe FlightsWhy Ash Is Dangerous, European Environment Agency: European Land Cover, National Geographic Education: Mapping EuropeLand Mammal Range. Switzerland's administrative capital is Bern, while Lausanne serves as its judicial centre. The continent also comprises numerous islands, somenotably the Faroes and Icelandlocated at a distance from the mainland. San Marino and Vatican City, two fully sovereign nations, are both completely surrounded by Italy. The most common way to show this is using topographical maps. Examples of such physiographic features can be found in the Southern Uplands of Scotland, the Massif Central of France, the Meseta Central of Spain, and the Bohemian Massif. In spite of its internal diversity, Europe has thus functioned, from the time it first emerged in the human consciousness, as a world apart, concentratingto borrow a phrase from Christopher Marloweinfinite riches in a little room.. Only Oceania has less landmass. Bitte aktivieren Sie JavaScript. Key Facts. It includes parts of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Poland, the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), and Belarus.Most of the Great European Plain lies below 152 meters (500 feet) in elevation. Encyclopedic entry. The name Europe may also come from combining the Greek roots eur- (wide) and -op (seeing) to form the phrase wide-gazing.Europe is often described as a peninsula of peninsulas. A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides. 4. A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides. Imperialism is a policy that has been used throughout history, most notably by European powers and the United States. The Anatolian peninsula is the westernmost point of Asia, divided from Europe by the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. The Volga River in Russia. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. To read all future answers to your comment, please bookmark this page. The Kimmel Falls are the tallest in Europe and also 5th in the list of the worlds highest waterfalls. As observed on Germany's physical map, the country's topography varies significantly from north to south. The EU accepts few candidates: member states must maintain a stable, democratic form of government, a free-market economy, and commitment to the rule of law.The rapid growth of the European Union, however, has caused a number of administrative and political tensions. Author of. In the Pyrenees and the Sierra Nevada of Spain, the highest of the peaks exceed 11,000 feet (3,400 metres). Trade relations beyond its frontiers also drew the remoter regions into its sphere. The city of Milan is regarded as a major fashion capital, hosting an international fashion week twice a year. CORDIS website requires JavaScript enabled in order to work properly. Editor of, Professor of Geography, Birkbeck College, University of London, 194770. All rights reserved. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Historically, Europe has been a center of immigration. In the Alps, Mont Blanc rises to a height of 15,771 feet (4,807 metres), which is the highest point on the continent. The nation of Germany was divided in two. Some geographical texts refer to a Eurasian continent given that Europe is not surrounded by sea and its southeastern border has always been variously defined for centuries. 2. Asia is not Europe ;-). It happens to be the longest river in Europe and covers 3,692 km/ 2,295 miles long. It is the smallest country both in size and population. Mount Olympus is Greece's highest mountain at 9,570 feet (2,917 meters) above sea level. The topography of the country is divided very clearly between the hilly Oesling of the . Examination of Turkey's topographic structure on a physical map of the world shows clearly the . Read More: 25 Unbelievable Facts about North Korea that you must know. By supporting this policy, the European Union hopes it will strengthen social, educational, professional, and economic ties in Europe and make the continent more competitive in global markets.Europes cultural products also help unify the region. Rocks of all geologic periods are exposed, and the operation of geologic forces during an immense succession of eras has contributed to the molding of the landscapes of mountain, plateau, and lowland and has bequeathed a variety of mineral reserves. A convenient division is made by a line linking the base of the peninsula of Jutland with the head of the Adriatic Sea. This linguistic diversity is present in the Alpine regions of many contemporary European countries today.Switzerland, for example, has four official languages: German, French, Italian, and Romansch. ft. home is a 4 bed, 4.0 bath property. Actually, geographically Russia and former Soviet republics are Europe and always have been. Other European islands are much smaller. This is a main theme of The Odyssey, an epic poem written by Homer, in which these key elements of the sea both help and hurt the hero.Other cultures developed around the unique resources at their disposal. A landlocked country of towering mountains, deep Alpine lakes, grassy valleys dotted with . Fast Facts: France Official Name: French Republic Capital: Paris Population: 67,364,357 (2018) Note: This figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233 The 15 rivers of Europe by average discharge, including only rivers directly flowing into the World Ocean or Endorheic basins: Aegean Islands, land, Balearic Islands, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus (Adjacent to Asia), Fyn, Faroe Islands, Gotland, Great Britain, Hinnya, Iceland, Ionian Islands, Ireland, Malta, North Jutlandic Island, Saaremaa, Sardinia, Senja, Sicily, Svalbard and Zealand. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Please enable JavaScript. Topographic maps show a wide range of human and physical features of the Earth. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The name Europe, or Europa, is believed to be of Greek origin, as it is the name of a princess in Greek mythology. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. It is one of the biggest glaciers in the world, covering almost 9,000 sq km (3,500 square miles). Western Europe and parts of Central Europe generally fall into the temperate maritime climate (Cfb), the southern part is mostly a Mediterranean climate (mostly Csa, smaller area with Csb), the north-central part and east into central Russia is mostly a humid continental climate (Dfb) and the northern part of the continent is a subarctic climate (Dfc). Longest beach The longest beach in Ireland is a continuous 20km stretch of sand in County Wexford connecting Cahore Point to The Raven Point. Physiographically, it is the northwestern peninsula of the larger landmass known as Eurasia (or the larger Afro-Eurasia); Asia occupies the centre and east of this continuous landmass. 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