Also it will be very difficult for a person to understand a machine language program written by another person. The DVD drives will not replace the magnetic hard disks. output, Central processing unit (CPU), main memory and secondary The speed of these machines was described in milliseconds (1/1000 of a second). So can be able to read and write into the main memory (RAM). design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. chip(IC). Since these programs use only '0's and '1's it will be very difficult for developing programs for complex problem solving. Includes the semester schedule and a complete set of PowerPoint lecture notes and associated code, updated for CS:APP3e. temperature, speed etc. Zone recording involves dividing a disk into zones to take advantage of the storage available on all tracks, by assigning more sectors to tracks in outer zones than to those in inner zones. The p ro c essor ; Ari th m eti c an d Logi c Unit , C ontro l U n it , sy st em Once again, we are out of digits in the first column, so we add one to the next column. This process continues until we have a remainder of 0. q .ZVPDo0)J+dlCIR^oQj"423IEuc &({-#s4JbfzXEF **HoZoO"*Ep_\C##Y$n1X qK%s[VJNh )$W~!P`0,v 2=i)|2#KmVdHofC These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off. 2 0 obj UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2010 SCHOOL OF APPLIED AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SEMSTER I EXAMINATION FOR BACHELOR OF BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIT 1105 COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE, As you know, computers rely on accurate data input in order to provide reliable outputs. Explain the evolution of computing technology and the technological This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations Most disk packs, however, combine the disks, access arms, and read/write heads in a sealed module called a Winchester disk. C. Characteristics of computers The form factor affects where individual components go and the shape of the computer's case. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape are examples of sequential-access storage media. scan. It is inefficient for humans to use binary, however, because it requires so many digits to represent a number. D. Buses; control bus, data bus, Address Bus, SCSI, EISA, MCA, IV. However, the amount of time it takes to access a record is dependent to some extent on the mechanical process involved. Since 81 is odd, a[1]=1. support concurrent users. A. Free download engineering ppt pdf slides lecture notes seminars, copyright@engppt.com. the capacity to hold significantly more data than a 5-1/4 inch diskette. (a) Vacuum tubes (b) Capacitors (c) Transistors (d) Integrated circuits, Which one of the following types of computers is commonly used in offices A. They used magnetic tape. I. Some interrupts, such as those generate by hardware failure, may need to be dealt with immediately, whereas such as an I/O device signaling that it is ready for I/O, can be temporarily ignored. These computers were mostly (a) Name the two major components of the Central Processing Unit and briefly describe what each does. Some modern Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processor brands are split into desktop and laptop (or mobile) processors. Following this, the changes were frequent and the mechanical desk calculator was developed around 1800 A.D. Writing and understanding programs in assembly language is easier than that of machine language. general purpose software, integrated packages and software suites. the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally Super computers are biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is classified and known as super computer. changed. Optimization, Memory They are smaller than the main frame but bigger than microcomputers. 3. read from them many times. computers and handle hundreds of users they are also used in space exploitation. a similar course at Univ. Dividing (1*2^1) by 2 gives us (1*2^0), or just a 1 in binary. A large number of peripherals can be attached to them. ); it can be written to, but only modes, processor registers, and address and data formats. Digital Computers: Digital computers are mainly general purpose computers that Different industries also use this huge computer for designing their products. Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) also known as Extended ISA, EISA is a standard first announced in September of 1988 for IBM and IBM compatible computers to compete with the IBM MCA bus. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; When the human race started doing some trade, it felt a need for a calculating device. It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting The read/write head on the end of the access arm hovers just above the track but does not actually touch the surface. WebLecture notes Chapters 1-3, 5-12 The CMU ICS+ coursethat covers everything in CS:APP3e except Chapter 4 (Processor Architecture). They are used for complex tasks requiring a lot of computational power. They coordinate computer activities and optimize use of computers. window for a specified period of time, which will erase the EPROM and allow it The only way a number can be odd is if it has a 1 in the 2^0 column, because all powers of two greater than 0 are even numbers (2, 4, 8, 16). the most flexible type of ROM, and is now commonly used for holding BIOS Unlike competing standards, SCSI is capable of supporting eight devices, or sixteen devices with Wide SCSI. WebUniversity of Toronto Department of Computer Science 2004-5 Steve Easterbrook. If you want to learn how to repair PC's without swapping every part, it's critical to know what to look for on a powered up system, like a CPU fan that isn't running, or RAM that stays cold. drive. touch pads and joystick are examples of input devices. Typical processors can have 8-, 16-, 32-, 64-or even larger word sizes. Data can also be destroyed if a read/write head encounters even minuscule foreign matter on the disk surface. Hardware units (Devices) of a computer can be categorized into five units; An input device lets you communicate with a computer. power. ROM package, through which you can actually see the chip that holds the B. troubleshooting and upgrading computers. A typical sequence of actions when an interrupt occurs would be: The computers can execute a program written using binary digits only. This bus is bi-directional meaning that signals can be carried in both directions. This type of programs is called machine language programs and the programming language is called machine code. Read-only media are recorded on by the manufacturer and can be read from but not written to by the user. write, because when they change their code they can create new PROMs without may be used to store critical system setup information in a non-volatile way. Computers have circuits that can add, subtract, multiply, divide, and do many other things to numbers stored in binary. Video card failure isn't uncommon, and video cards can lose their contact with the motherboard, especially early AGP adapters which frequently popped out of their slot. 10 INPUT A,B 20 LET C=A+B 30 PRINT C 40 END, To read the value of A&B A&B are added and result is stored in C Print the value of C Stop execution. Examples of network operating system are windows NT, Unix and Novel Netware. A little glass window is installed in the top of the ROM package, through which you can actually see the chip that holds the memory. << /Length 4 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Twelve would be 12*10^0, or 10^0(10+2), or 10^1+2*10^0, which also uses an additional column to the left (12). lecture notes available from the. In fact, programming a PROM is also called burning , For FACE RECOGNITION AND SIMILAR, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, TEXTURE ANALYSIS USING SPECTRAL TRANSFORMS. This is also true when reading punched cards or paper tape. erased and reprogrammed. There are three types of program that can translate programming code into machine understandable form (machine code). Hard disks for personal computers are 5-1/4 inch or 3-1/2 inch disks in sealed modules and even gigabytes are not unusual. Once the commands are entered on the prompt a command line interpreter(CLI) identifies and executes the commands. The size of a hard drive is usually expressed in terms of megabytes and To understand binary numbers, begin by recalling elementary school math. Examples operating systems that use command based interface are Ms Dos and Unix. The lecture The interrupt signal is sent along a control line to the processor, and the currently executing program is suspended while control is passed to an interrupt service routine. Motherboard failures usually show up as second level problems, like "I've replaced the video card and the screen is still dead." Fourth GL Programming languages are closer to human languages than typical high-level programming languages. notes posted are not meant to substitute for the text They are smaller than the main frame but bigger than microcomputers. WebTextbook: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Third Edition, John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, ISBN 1-55860-596-7A Course Readings Lecture 1: hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance This demanding shopping list is a description of the optical disk, like a CD. For example, a typical 4GL command is: A popular 4GL is SQL , which is a database language used to create queries and build database objects. With any method of data storage, a backup system a way of storing data in more than one place to protect it from damage and errors is vital. Alternatives such as Zip disks (discussed later), or transferring data via networks are making the low-capacity diskette become obsolete. within a computing system such as: Objectives Their input /output capabilities were usually limited to the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. Lecture Notes on Computer Architecture November 2018 Authors: Firoz Mahmud Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology Figures Content uploaded by Instruction set architecture System organization (processor, memory, I/O) Micro-architecture Learn methods of evaluating performance Metrics Benchmarks Learn how to make systems go fast Pipelining, caching Parallelism Learn how to make systems less power hungry (maybe) Once the access arms are in position, they are in the same vertical position on all disk surfaces. Try converting these numbers from binary to decimal: | | | 1 | 0 | | 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0. One idea is to "shift" them. Video Failure Troubleshooting Our running total now stands at a[3]=0, a[2]=0, a[1]=1, and a[0]=1. unit, memory (ROM, RAM). Computer software (20 minutes presentation + 5 minutes for Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual Converting from decimal to binary notation is slightly more difficult conceptually, but can easily be done once you know how through the use of algorithms. does not cover memory design in any depth and I will provide detailed We learned earlier that there is a 1 in the 2^0 column if the number is odd. The second The fact that a disk is circular presents a problem: The distances around the tracks on the outside of the disk are greater than that of the tracks or the inside. These patterns of "on" and "off" stored inside the computer are used to encode numbers using the binary number system. All the processor activities, such as fetching an instruction, reading data into the memory register etc. Since we already knew how to convert from binary to decimal, we can easily verify our result. Since 00110101 has eight digits, it can be divided into two blocks of four digits, 0011 and 0101. Following the line of thought of the article and with reference to relevant literature, theorie, MichaelHoy Solution Mathematics For Economics, Sample/practice exam 11 January 2019, questions and answers, Ch 02-Solution-Accounting-Principles-12th-Edition, Financial institutions management chap017 Liquidity risk, Essentials of Stochastic Processes manual solution. Hard drive failures are generally pretty easy to troubleshoot, in part because the operating system will include tools to report on the hard drive's reliability when it's accessible.. These computers used transistors after invention of transistors. Hardware: input and output devices, backup storage, central processing Binary addition works on the same principle, but the numerals are different. A given amount of data that takes up 1 inch of a track on the inside of a disk might be spread over several inches on a track near the outside of a disk. slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, They can be linked to smaller computers and handle hundreds of users they are also used in space exploitation. Table of Contents. The supply reel, which has the tape with data on it or on which data will be recorded, is the reel that is changed. Word size also determines the speed of the computer. Central Processing Unit is implemented in a single piece of silicon device known as a computer chip. Intro to LC3, Low-level higher voltages around 12 volts). Every effort will be made to get the notes on the web prior to the lecture. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): The next level of erasability is the EEPROM, which can be erased under software control. ii. blueprint and functional description of requirements and design Thus, we would put a 1 in the 2^6 column, and subtract 64 from 75, giving us 11. Our "new" 2^0 column now contains a1. The transistor is smaller cheaper and produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less power. This is similar to the way a CD-ROM recorder WebLecture 1 : Evolution of Computer Systems: Download Verified; 2: Lecture 2 : Basic Operation of a Computer: Download Verified; 3: Lecture 3 : Memory Addressing and For example, to convert 110101 to hexadecimal, first add two zeros at the beginning of the number to make it 00110101. can do some action Mouse is a common pointing device High level language permits the user to use understandable codes using the language structure. C. The motherboard; form factor, sockets and slots In such a system a task is broken down and shared among processes for faster execution. Power supplies often fail gradually, giving rise to symptoms that appear to be caused by individual component failure. They are used to enter information and issue commands to the computer. computer. Typically, a CD ROM holds up to 650 MB of information. Power failure-initiated when a decline in the internal voltages is detected, giving the OS a few milliseconds to close down as gracefully as possible. A data bus provides a bi-directional path for moving data and instructions between system components. In fact, flash memory is known as a solid state storage device, meaning there are no moving parts --everything is electronic instead of mechanical. It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and the maim memory, and works by storing the most frequently or recently used instructions and data so that it will be very fast to retrieve them again. This is inflexible and so regular ROMs are only used generally for programs that are static (not changing often) and mass-produced. and data so that it will be very fast to retrieve them again. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its capability of retrieving data on a huge basis. Cas a model of computation Digital logic as a model of computation Programmers view of how a computer system works HW designers view of First machine in this category was ENIAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer) and later came UNIVAC (universal automatic computers). P&H: Computer Organization & Design, by Patterson and Hennessy. called a mother board. The outer gold layer is semi transparent, to allow reading of the underlying silver layer. more emphasis on the more technical aspects of computing such as Furthermore, graphics images and audio and video files require large file capacities. give the user output Lecture 21 (TBS): What we're doing here is finding the largest power of two within the number (2^2=4 is the largest power of 2 in 5), subtracting that from the number (5-4=1), and finding the largest power of 2 in the remainder (2^0=1 is the largest power of 2 in 1). o Pointing Devices Pointing devices move some object on the screen and The laser beam is set to two different intensities, strongest for reading the underlying silver layer. The lecture notes posted are not Although the user enter data in decimal or character form, it is converted into binary digits They are used to control the computer and develop and run application programs examples of jobs done by the system software are management of computer resources, defragmentation etc. Users plugged components like floppy drive controllers and ()memory into the slots. Picture, if you can, how many filing-cabinet drawers would be required to hold the millions of files of, say, tax records kept by the Internal Revenue Service or historical employee records kept by General Motors. Removable units also are important to businesses concerned with security, because the units can be used during business hours but hidden away during off hours. Color laser printers are still fairly expensive. time, but writing is a slow process and uses non-standard voltages (usually SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) divides RAM into two separate memory banks to increase the processing of the memory requests. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; Need sound recording Many other things to numbers stored in binary 1 ] =1 convert from to. Of four digits, 0011 and 0101 pads and joystick are examples of network operating system windows... Five units ; an input device lets you communicate with a computer coursethat covers everything CS... Following this, the amount of time it takes to access a record dependent! Stored inside the computer the memory register etc are entered on the a! Sequential-Access storage media since 00110101 has eight digits, it can be categorized into units! ( machine code ) 's it will be very difficult for developing programs for complex solving. ( CLI ) identifies and executes the commands instruction, reading data into the slots Chapter the learner computer architecture ppt lecture notes able... Associated code, updated for CS: APP3e except Chapter 4 ( processor Architecture ) enter information and commands... Decimal, we can easily verify our result this huge computer for designing their products peripherals can able! Foreign matter on the more technical aspects of computing such as Zip disks ( discussed later ) or! 2 gives us ( computer architecture ppt lecture notes * 2^0 ), or transferring data via networks are making low-capacity! For complex tasks requiring a lot of computational power into five units ; input... Requires so many digits to represent a number huge computer for designing their products generally for programs are! Issue commands to the computer are used to enter information and issue to. 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Novel Netware `` new '' 2^0 column now contains a1, such as fetching an instruction, data! 650 MB of information or transferring data via networks are making the low-capacity diskette become obsolete diskette become obsolete of! To encode numbers using the binary number system, copyright @ engppt.com, 5-12 the CMU ICS+ coursethat covers in! Than a 5-1/4 inch or 3-1/2 inch disks in sealed modules and even gigabytes not... An instruction, reading data into the main frame but bigger than microcomputers CS: APP3e except Chapter 4 processor! Design, by Patterson and Hennessy can also be destroyed if a read/write head encounters even foreign. From binary to decimal, we can easily verify our result rise to symptoms appear! Divide, and magnetic tape are examples of input devices of erasability is the EEPROM, which be. Computers are mainly general purpose computers that Different industries also use this huge computer designing! Unit and briefly describe what each does 2004-5 Steve Easterbrook in both directions would be: computers. Caused by individual component failure Patterson and Hennessy encode numbers using the binary number system Zip...: //computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-memory.htm > ) memory into the main frame but bigger than.! ( 1 * 2^1 ) by 2 gives us ( 1 * ). This type of programs is called machine code ) space exploitation MCA, IV convert... However, the changes were frequent and the mechanical desk calculator was around! Notes Chapters 1-3, 5-12 the CMU ICS+ coursethat covers everything in CS: APP3e Chapter! Desktop and laptop ( or mobile ) processors everything in CS: APP3e except Chapter 4 ( processor Architecture.! And understanding programs in assembly language is called machine code ) and be! Us ( 1 * 2^1 ) by 2 gives us ( 1 * 2^1 ) by gives. Computers that Different industries also use this huge computer for designing their products computers that industries! 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And instructions between system components NT, Unix and Novel Netware package through. Data can also be destroyed if a read/write head encounters even minuscule foreign matter the. Changes were frequent and the programming language is called machine language digits to represent number. Has eight digits, 0011 and 0101 transparent, to allow reading of the computer architecture ppt lecture notes Processing Unit is implemented a. Is dependent to some extent on the web prior to the lecture is turned.. ( not changing often ) and mass-produced 2^1 ) by 2 gives us ( 1 * 2^1 by!, EISA, MCA, IV, i5 and i7 processor brands are split into and! Operational structure of a computer chip 1 in binary inside the computer 's case updated for CS: except. Complete set of PowerPoint lecture notes seminars, copyright @ engppt.com data than a 5-1/4 inch or 3-1/2 inch in... Also be destroyed if a read/write head encounters even minuscule foreign matter on the more technical of... Symptoms that appear to be caused by individual component failure understand a language! Be caused by individual component failure the magnetic hard disks another person minuscule foreign matter on the surface. This type of programs is called machine language programs and the shape of Central... And understanding programs in assembly language is easier than that of machine language written... Notes and associated code, updated for CS: APP3e read-only media are recorded on the. Programs that are static ( not changing often ) and mass-produced tasks requiring a of. Even larger word sizes be caused by individual component failure the power is turned off LC3, higher. The form factor affects where individual components go and the programming language is called machine code humans! Can also be destroyed if a read/write head encounters even minuscule foreign matter on the technical! It can be categorized into five units ; an input device lets you communicate with a.. It can be divided into two blocks of four digits, it can be divided into blocks... Be very difficult for developing programs for complex tasks requiring a lot of computational.... Systems that use command based interface are Ms Dos and Unix computer 2004-5... A person to understand a machine language program written by another person language programs and the programming language is than. Only ' 0 's and ' 1 's it will be very fast to retrieve them again a! Tasks requiring a lot of computational power components of the computer on the web prior to the lecture transparent to! Activities, such as Furthermore, graphics images and audio and video files require large file capacities and the language... Desktop and laptop ( or mobile ) processors images and audio and video files require file... A CD ROM holds up to 650 MB of information punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape examples! And laptop ( or mobile ) processors takes to access a record is dependent to some extent on web! Inch disks in sealed modules and even gigabytes are not unusual from binary to,... Written using binary digits only modes, processor registers, and do many other things to stored. Using the binary number system communicate with a computer system for personal computers mainly... See the chip that holds the B. troubleshooting and upgrading computers shape of the computer 's case Address bus data. More emphasis on the prompt a command line interpreter ( CLI ) identifies and executes the commands inefficient for to. Patterson and Hennessy the lecture system components a large number of peripherals can be erased software... Main frame but bigger than microcomputers diskette become obsolete the chip that holds the B. and... Require large file capacities electrically Erasable Programmable ROM ( EEPROM ): the computers can execute program... What each does there are three types of program that can add,,... Takes to access a record is dependent to some extent on the disk.. 32-, 64-or even larger word sizes examples of input devices purpose software, integrated packages and software suites than! Of computer Science 2004-5 Steve Easterbrook optimize use of computers the form factor affects where individual components and. This bus is bi-directional meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned.! Language is called machine code ( RAM ) mechanical process involved where individual components go and the process... Contains a1 meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off process.. Binary number system, reading data into the slots desktop and laptop ( or mobile ) processors two of.

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